THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA Domination by Europe

VOCABULARY Imperialism: the seizing of a country or territory by a stronger country, they may control the political, economic, or social structure of the weaker country Imperialism: the seizing of a country or territory by a stronger country, they may control the political, economic, or social structure of the weaker country Racism: Belief that one race is superior to another Racism: Belief that one race is superior to another Social Darwinism: “Survival of the Fittest” those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were thus superior Social Darwinism: “Survival of the Fittest” those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were thus superior

Africa Before European Domination Population was divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups Population was divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups Over 1000 different languages Over 1000 different languages In 1880 Europeans controlled only 10% of the land In 1880 Europeans controlled only 10% of the land Very difficult to explore the interior of Africa in large groups, and disease discouraged exploration Very difficult to explore the interior of Africa in large groups, and disease discouraged exploration Each African group specialized in a specific trade Each African group specialized in a specific trade

Africa in 1880

“Dr. Livingstone, I Presume” In the late 1860’s David Livingstone, a Scottish missionary, traveled deep into Africa to promote Christianity, when after several years he did not return an American Henry Stanley was hired to find him. In the late 1860’s David Livingstone, a Scottish missionary, traveled deep into Africa to promote Christianity, when after several years he did not return an American Henry Stanley was hired to find him. Stanley’s explorations sparked the interest of King Leopold who sought Stanley to obtain land in the Congo Stanley’s explorations sparked the interest of King Leopold who sought Stanley to obtain land in the Congo

The Congo Between , Stanley signed treaties with local chiefs giving King Leopold control of Congo land Between , Stanley signed treaties with local chiefs giving King Leopold control of Congo land King Leopold claimed he was establishing the colony to abolish slavery and promote Christianity. King Leopold claimed he was establishing the colony to abolish slavery and promote Christianity. In reality he set up companies to collect sap from Rubber Plants killing at least 10 million Congolese The Belgium Congo was 80Xs larger then Belgium In 1882 France wanted in and claimed land north of the Congo River, soon all other European countries were in as well

Forces Driving Imperialism Search for new markets and raw materials Search for new markets and raw materials National pride, Europeans viewed an empire as a sign of national greatness, each one wanted to see its flag around as much of the world as possible National pride, Europeans viewed an empire as a sign of national greatness, each one wanted to see its flag around as much of the world as possible Social Darwinism: non-Europeans who were not equal to Europeans because they didn’t have the same scientific or technological progress as the Europeans Social Darwinism: non-Europeans who were not equal to Europeans because they didn’t have the same scientific or technological progress as the Europeans Europeans believed they had to bring their ideas to the rest of the world Europeans believed they had to bring their ideas to the rest of the world Missionaries wanted to civilize or modernize the people of foreign land Missionaries wanted to civilize or modernize the people of foreign land

Cecil Rhodes British born business man who went to South Africa and established the De Beers Diamond Company British born business man who went to South Africa and established the De Beers Diamond Company “I contend that we are the first race of the world we inhabit, the better it is for the human race….It is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this one idea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means more of the Anglo-Saxon race, more of the best, the most human, most honorable race the world possesses.” “I contend that we are the first race of the world we inhabit, the better it is for the human race….It is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this one idea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means more of the Anglo-Saxon race, more of the best, the most human, most honorable race the world possesses.”

Promoting Imperialism in Africa Advances in technology, new guns were used by the Europeans and the Africans were outdated Advances in technology, new guns were used by the Europeans and the Africans were outdated Steam Engine could be used so rulers could quickly travel the rivers deep in Africa Steam Engine could be used so rulers could quickly travel the rivers deep in Africa Lack of unity of the natives Lack of unity of the natives Quinine: protected the Europeans from malaria Quinine: protected the Europeans from malaria

The Clash over South Africa Shaka From 1700’s-Late 1800’s the Zulu led by Shaka controlled a huge area of land After death of Shaka the Africans could not compete with the British arms Fell to British control by 1887 Boers and the British Dutch (Boers, Afrikaners) settled South Africa in 1652 Fighting between the Boers and British regarding land and use of slaves Many Boers migrated north and began to fight with the Zulus over land

The Boer War 1860s-1870s Diamonds and Gold discovered in South Africa 1860s-1870s Diamonds and Gold discovered in South Africa Boers tired to keep outsiders out, began to battle the British Boers tired to keep outsiders out, began to battle the British First modern “total war” First modern “total war” British ultimately won war taken over the Boers, this changed the way the Europeans governed the Africans British ultimately won war taken over the Boers, this changed the way the Europeans governed the Africans

Berlin Conference European countries feared war amongst themselves European countries feared war amongst themselves The Berlin Conference: 14 Euro countries gathered in Berlin to lay the rules for African conquest The Berlin Conference: 14 Euro countries gathered in Berlin to lay the rules for African conquest 1) European countries had to claim a land and show they could control it 2) No African leaders attended, by 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia remained independent 2) No African leaders attended, by 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia remained independent

New Materials Shape Colonies Congo was rich in unknown copper and tin Congo was rich in unknown copper and tin Paled in comparison to the diamonds and gold that were discovered in South Africa Paled in comparison to the diamonds and gold that were discovered in South Africa Cash crops developed such as peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber Cash crops developed such as peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber These products took the place of food that was grown to feed the village These products took the place of food that was grown to feed the village