In English there are four participles: present active and passive and perfect active and passive. In Latin there are three participles: present active, perfect passive, and future active. Latin Present Active Participle (Page 282) Present Stem + ns (Nom.) ntis (Gen.) Verb Stem + ns, ntis = Present Active Participle 1st voco vocare voca + ns, ntis = vocans vocantis calling, while calling 2nd moneo monere mone + ns, ntis = monens monentis warning, while warning 3rd rego regere rege + ns, ntis = regens regentis ruling, while ruling 3rd capio capere capie + ns, ntis = capiens capientis taking, while taking 4th audio audire audie + ns, ntis = audiens audientis hearing, while hearing The Present Active Participle is declined as a third declension “i” stem with the exception of e in the ablative singular, all genders.

Present Active Participle voco vocare call Present Active Participle = vocans vocantis calling, while calling Nom. vocans vocans Gen. vocantis vocantis Dat. vocanti vocanti Acc. vocantem vocans Abl. vocante vocante Nom. vocantes vocantia Gen. vocantium vocantium Dat.. vocantibus vocantibus Acc. vocantes vocantia Abl. vocantibus vocantibus calling, while calling

Participial Phrase with a Present Participle Multi homines in silvam fugientes capti sunt. Simple Translation Many men fleeing into the forest were captured. Many men while fleeing into the forest were captured. Clause Translation Many men were captured while they were fleeing into the forest. Many men were captured as they were fleeing into the forest. Many men were captured when they were fleeing into the forest. Many men who were fleeing into the forest were captured.

Review of Indirect Statement (Indirect Discourse) (Page 278) In Latin when a simple statement is indirectly quoted, the verb is changed from the indicative mood in the direct statement to the infinitive in the indirect statement, and the subject is changed from the nominative to the accusative case. Direct statement: Vir ambulat. The man is walking. Indirect statement: Dicit virum ambulare. He says that the man is walking. Difference between English and Latin Indirect Statement English Latin The verb is finite. The verb is in the infinitive. The introductory word that is used. There is no introductory word. The subject is in the nominative case. The subject is in accusative case.

Nota Bene: (Page 278) Indirect Statements usually follow verbs of mental action, such as say, tell, know, think, hear, perceive, and the like. These verbs should be memorized: dico (3), say, tell scio (4), know nuntio (1), announce, tell puto (1), think audio (4), hear sentio (4), feel, perceive nego (1), say not, deny video (2), see existimo (1), think intellego (3), understand spero (1) hope demonstro (1), show Sequence of Tenses for Indirect Statement The present infinitive denotes the same time as the main verb; The perfect infinitive denotes time before that of the main verb; The future infinitive denotes time after that of the main verb.

1. Because of envy Pompey, knowing the facts, said he would destroy Caesar. Propter invidiam Pompejus facta sciens se Caesarem deleturum esse dixit. 2. Did Caesar ever know that a conspiracy had been formed? Sciebatne umquam Caesar conjurationem factam esse? Scivitne 3. Did we not show above that Pompey was defeated in a war? Nonne supra demonstravimus Pompejum in bello victum esse. bello