Development Over the Life Span Birth ( before actually) to Death

Overview Conception to year one Cognitive development Learning to be good Gender development Adolescence Adulthood The wellsprings of resilience chapter 3

Objectives Describe developmental psychologists and socialization List the 3 stages of prenatal development Explain motor reflexes in newborns and support with an example Describe Types of attachment and Harlow’s Monkey’s and Ainsworth’s babies

At the Beginning…. Developmental psychologists- Study universal aspects of life span development as well as cultural and individual variations Natural life stages Physicalogical, cognitive changes Socialization- children learn attitudes and behaviors expected from them in society

Prenatal development Conception 30 Hours 6 weeks 4 months chapter 3

Prenatal development= 3 stages Germinal – sperm meets female ovum or egg= fertilization Inside single cell organism zygote days Zygote begins to split, cluster of cells, attaches to uterus wall Outer portion will be umbilical chord and placenta Nutrients and waste

Stage 2 Implantation is complete Embryonic stage- weeks 2 through inches long Hormone testosterone secreted; as a result sex of baby

Stage 3 8 weeks on fetal stage Now called a fetus Develops organs and systems of the body Neural development ( brain neurons) substantial) However some toxins ( tetragons) can seep through

Agents that cross the placenta German measles X-rays and other radiation Sexually transmitted diseases Cigarette smoking Alcohol and other drugs chapter 3

The Infants World Can’t survive on own; but have motor reflexes Automatic behaviors that are necessary for survival 7 categories of reflexes in the newborn baby

Physical abilities Newborn reflexes Rooting Sucking Swallowing Moro (“startle”) Babinski Grasping Stepping chapter 3

Perceptual abilities Visual abilities Quickly develops beyond initial range of eight inches Can distinguish contrasts, shadows, and edges Other senses Hearing Touch Olfaction chapter 3

Culture and maturation Many aspects of development depend on customs Baby’s ability to sleep alone Recommendation to have babies sleep on their back has caused many babies to skip crawling. chapter 3

Attachment A deep emotional bond that an infant develops with its primary caretaker Contact comfort In primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact The basis of the infant’s first attachment Tested using strange situation A parent-infant “separation and reunion” procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child’s attachment chapter 3

Margret and Harry Harlow Contact comfort with rhesus monkeys Artificial mothers 1 st has face, but just wire outside feeding tube 2 nd has face, but terry cloth around wire feeding tube. Scientist used to believe attached to Mom because she feeds US! NOT TRUE Ran to it when startled or scared

Mary Ainsworth (1973)- Strange situation Nature of attachment with mothers and babies Mom brings baby into unfamiliar room with toys After a while stranger comes in and attempts to play with child Mother leaves child with stranger She then returns plays with child, stranger leaves Leave baby by self for three minutes 4 categories of attachment according to M.A.

Types of attachment Secure A parent-infant relationship in which the baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by separation, and delighted by reunion. Insecure A parent-infant relationship in which the baby clings to the parent, cries at separation, and reacts with anger or apathy to reunion. chapter 3

2 more types of attachment Avoidant- not caring if mother leaves the room, make little effort to seek contact upon her return, treating stranger about same as mom Anxious/ ambivalent- resisting contact when mom returns but protesting loudly if she leaves= cry to be picked up then demand to be put down

What causes insecure attachment? Abandonment and deprivation in the first two years of life Parenting that is abusive, neglectful, or erratic Child’s genetically influenced temperament Stressful circumstances in the family chapter 3

SUMMERIZE Cognitive development Stages of development Attachment: Harlow’s monkeys; Ainsworth’s babies