Chapter 5 Prisons ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Introduction  Prison–institution designed to house convicted felons serving one year or more  Public’s attitude toward crime has resulted in prisons becoming most popular correctional tool for punishment, deterrence, and incapacitation  Prison construction boom

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Current Status of Prisons in the United States  President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice report (1967) advocated for more rehabilitative and less punitive stance  Public opinion has changed over the last several decades

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ  Primary function is to hold convicted felons  Prisoners do not just sit in cells all day  Rhodes v. Chapman–“totality of conditions” standard  Brucino v. Carlson  Key to successful prison is to keep inmates productively occupied The Role and Mission of Prisons

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ  Mission–statement of what an agency is to accomplish  For most prisons the mission is legislatively created  Common mission is “to supervise criminal offenders during period of sentence, protect public, and assist with rehabilitation” The Role and Mission of Prisons

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ  By the end of 2004 over 2 million incarcerated  Shift in policies has influenced use of prisons  Public is more fearful of crime  Influence of politics  More lengthy prison sentences Growth of the Prison Population

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ  Supervision in the community also affected  Shift from counseling to risk management and surveillance  New penology–traditional objectives of rehabilitation and reduction of recidivism replaced by rational and efficient use of control strategies  “War on drugs” The Role and Mission of Prisons

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Likelihood of Going to Prison  In 1997 BJS report estimated 5.1 percent of all people in the United States would be confined in state or federal prison  This has increased due to increase in incarceration rates  Men more likely to be incarcerated than women  Varies by ethnicity The Role and Mission of Prisons

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Meeting the Growth Demands  Increased funding to build prisons  28 new prisons under construction in 2002  58 prisons being renovated  25,869 new beds at cost of $1.5 billion  Increased operating budgets for all three areas of the system (police, courts, corrections) The Role and Mission of Prisons

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Adult Prison Systems in the United States  State penal codes usually include street crimes such as murder, robbery, burglary  U.S. Congress has continually federalized crimes such as bank robbery, kidnapping, etc.  As a result less of a distinction between types of inmates in state and federal prisons

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ  Three Penitentiary Act (1891) authorized construction of three federal prisons to house federal offenders  Established the Federal Bureau of Prisons  Congress passed an act to establish BOP in 1930 The Federal Prison System Establishment of the Federal Bureau of Prisons

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Growth resulted from acts of Congress  White Slave Act (1910)  Harrison Narcotic Act (1914)  Volstead Act (1918)  Dyer Act (1919) The Federal Prison System Growth of the Bureau of Prisons

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ The Federal Prison System Sentencing Reform Act (1984)- an act of Congress that abolished parole, established determinate sentencing, and reduced the amount of good time available to federal offenders Growth of the Bureau of Prisons

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ The Federal Prison System Five security levels 1)Minimum (federal prison camps)–dormitory housing, low staff-to-inmate ratio, limited or no perimeter fencing 2)Low (federal correctional institutions)–double- fenced perimeters, mostly dormitory housing, strong work and program components, and a higher staff-to-inmate ratio The Bureau of Prisons Today

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ The Federal Prison System Five security levels (continued) 3)Medium (federal correctional institutions)– double fences with electronic detection systems, mostly cells for housing, higher staff- to-inmate ratio 4)High (U.S. penitentiaries)–highly secure perimeters, cell housing, high staff-to-inmate ratios, close control of inmate movement Growth of the Bureau of Prisons

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ The Federal Prison System Five security levels (continued) 5)Administrative–institutions with special missions: detention of pretrial offenders, treatment of inmates with serious or chronic medical problems, or containment of extremely dangerous, violent, or escape-prone inmates; also houses inmates under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Marshals Growth of the Bureau of Prisons

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ The Federal Prison System  BOP also operates three intensive confinement centers (boot camps)  In 1997, federal inmates were more likely than state inmates to be women  In 2000, more than half of federal inmates were serving a sentence for a drug offense

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ State Prison Systems The most common organization model (24 states) has the director, commissioner, or secretary of corrections as a cabinet-level officer, appointed by and reporting directly to the governor The Organization of State Prison Systems

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ  Mainly male (92.3%)  Mostly minority  Greatest increase in population was violent inmates  Recent trend is decline in the growth of inmates State Prison Systems Inmates in State Prison Systems

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ State Prison Systems Security classification–a system for matching offenders to institutions that have the physical security and staff resources to prevent escapes and control their behavior Classification within State Prison Systems  Use security-level classifications similar to the federal prison system

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ  Classification also addresses treatment needs of offenders  Most offenders are classified as medium- and minimum-security  Orientation period for inmates State Prison Systems Classification within State Prison Systems

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Other Public Correctional Systems  Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (BICE)–formerly the INS; responsible for housing illegal aliens pending a hearing or deportation back to their home country  BICE contains about a quarter of its total detainees; the federal BOP, and private and state/local institutions house the rest

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Other Public Correctional Systems BICE  Illegals usually detained in two ways:  Caught while attempting to enter the United States  Commit a crime and are arrested

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ  Halfway houses have been in operation since 1960s  Private prison–for-profit, secure correctional facility operated by agency other than a government agency Private Correctional Systems

Corrections: An Introduction, 2/e Seiter ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Private Correctional Systems  Use of private prisons has expanded  As of 2002, over 118 private prisons  Corrections Corporation of America  Cornell Correctional Companies  The Geo Group Private Correctional Companies