Middle Colonies Chapter 3, Lesson 3

England and the Colonies ► In England, the Puritans in Parliament were having a power struggle with Charles I. ► In 1642, civil war will break out.  Oliver Cromwell led the Parliamentary forces and forced the King to surrender. ► In 1649, King Charles I is beheaded after a parliamentary court finds him guilty of treason.  A new government is then established with Cromwell as its protector. ► Many from New England returned to England to fight with the Parliamentary forces and eventually returned to Royal Colonies like Virginia.

England and the Colonies ► After Cromwell dies in 1658, Parliament reestablishes the monarchy with limits on the ruler. ► Charles II, son Charles I, takes the thrown in  His reign is known as the restoration because the monarchy had been restored. ► At this time England had two clusters of colonies in America.  Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island in the north.  Maryland and Virginia in the south.

England and the Colonies ► The Dutch were settled between these two groups of colonies.  A few Dutch merchants created the Dutch West India Company to trade in the Americas in ► There posts along the Hudson would eventually become the colony of New Netherland.  There main settlement was New Amsterdam located on Manhattan Island.  The island was purchased from the Manhates for small quantities of beads and other goods.

England and the Colonies ► Having a great seaport it became the center of shipping to and from the Americas. ► In order to populate the colony the Dutch West India Company:  Brought over families from the Netherlands, Finland, Germany, and Sweden.  Gave out land to those who brought at least 50 settlers to work it. ► Those who owned these riverfront lands were known as patroons.  Ruled like kings and had their own courts and laws.  Settlers owed their patroons a share of their crops and labor.

England Takes Over ► The Dutch had thriving river trade as well as had an excellent harbor  It’s no surprise the English want this. ► England sends its fleet to attack New Amsterdam. ► Peter Stuyvesant was governor of the colony.  Had strict rules and heavy taxes resulting in many of the people in New Netherland to turn on him. ► When the English arrived he surrendered since he was not prepared for a battle against the English.  King Charles II would give it to his brother, the Duke of York, who renames the colony New York.

England Takes Over ► King Charles II would give it to his brother, the Duke of York, who renames the colony New York. ► New York was a proprietary colony.  The owner known as a proprietor, owned all the land and ran the government. ► It was different from the New England colonies who could elect the governor and the assembly. ► Most of the colonists in New York lived in the Hudson River valley. ► The Duke of York promised freedom of religion to the diverse colonists.  In 1654, 23 Brazilian Jews settled in New Amersterdam.

England Takes Over ► They were the first Jews to settle in North America. ► By 1664, New York had about 8,000 inhabitants.  It was a diversified population including Dutch, Germans, Swedes, Native Americans, and Puritans from New England, and 300 enslaved Africans. ► New Amsterdam, later New York, would be one of the fastest growing areas in the colony.  By 1683, its population rose to about 12,000.

England Takes Over ► The Duke of York appointed a governor and council to deal with colonial affairs.  The colonists wanted to have a representative government like the other English colonies.  The Duke resisted but the people of New York would not give up.  In 1691, the English government finally allowed New York to elect a legislature.

King Charles IIPeter Stuyvesant Oliver Cromwell

New Jersey ► The Duke of York would eventually give the southern part of his colony to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret.  The land was located between the Hudson and Delaware River.  They named the colony New Jersey, after the island of Jersey in the English Channel, where Carteret was born. ► To attract settlers to the colony, they offered large tracts (area of land) and generous terms.  They were promised freedom of religion, trial by jury, and a representative assembly.  The assembly would make local laws and set taxes.

New Jersey ► Like New York, New Jersey was diverse ethnically and religiously.  A lack of a natural harbor prevented it from developing a port like New York. ► As such, The proprietors did not make as much money as they had hoped.  Berkeley sold his share (West Jersey) in  Carteret’s sold his share (East Jersey) in ► By 1702, the colony belonged to the King, making it a royal colony.  However, the colonists continued to make local laws.

Pennsylvania ► In 1680, William Penn approached King Charles with a plan.  Penn’s father had loaned the King a lot of money and he inherited the King’s promise of payment.  Penn didn’t want the money though, and instead asked for land in America.  The King was happy to rid himself of debt and gave him land stretching inland from the Delaware River. ► The new colony, Pennsylvania was almost as large as England.

Pennsylvania ► William Penn belonged to a group of dissenters known as the Society of Friends, also known as Quakers.  Believed individuals had an “inner light” that could guide him or her to salvation.  Everyone could experience religious truth directly, so church officials were unnecessary.  Everyone was equal before God.  Though they had firm beliefs they tolerated others beliefs.

Pennsylvania ► Many saw Quakers as a threat to established traditions.  They would not bow or take off their hats to lord or ladies because they believed everyone was equal.  They were also pacifists (people who refuse to use violence or fight in wars) ► Quakers were fined, jailed, and even executed for their beliefs.

Pennsylvania ► William Penn saw Pennsylvania as a “holy experiment.”  It was a chance to test out Quaker ideals of toleration and equality into practice. ► In 1682, he came to America to supervise the building of Philadelphia, “the city of brotherly love.”  Penn designed the city himself, making him America’s first town planner.  Penn also wrote Pennsylvania’s first constitution. ► Penn believed the land belonged the Native American and people should pay for it.

Pennsylvania ► In 1682, he would negotiate the first of several treaties with the Native Americans. ► To encourage more settlers to come he had pamphlets passed out in various languages.  By 1683 more than 3,000 English, Welsh, Irish, Dutch, and German settlers had arrived. ► In 1701, Penn granted colonists the right to elect representatives to the legislative assembly through the Charter of Liberties.

Pennsylvania ► The southern most portion of Pennsylvania was known as the Three Lower Counties.  Settled by Swedes in 1638  The area has been taken over by the Dutch and the English before becoming part of Pennsylvania.  The Charter of Privileges allowed the lower counties to form their own legislature in  From that point on the counties functioned as a separate colony known as Delaware, supervised by Pennsylvania’s governor.