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Did You Know? An average adult has between 10 and 12 pints of blood 7% of a person's body weight is made up of blood Human blood travels 60,000 miles per day on its journey through the arteries, arterioles and capillaries and back through the venules and veins 2

To survive what do cells need? Food and Oxygen A single celled animal like the amoeba, gets its food and oxygen by allowing materials to move across its cell membrane. In large animals most cells are not close to the surface of the body so they would not get supplies quick enough. So how does the food and oxygen get as far down as your Big toe? 3

Circulatory System 4

Composition of Blood 5 Plasma - Liquid part of the blood Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets

Blood is made up of 4 different substances: 1. Plasma –liquid part of the blood and is about 90% water it carries around the Red & White blood cells, Platelets & Materials (e.g. CO2, O2, nutrients, waste and heat). 2. Red Blood Cells – contain haemoglobin and carries oxygen around the body. 3. White Blood Cells –fight infection. 4. Platelets –are involved in clotting the blood to keep blood in & germs out. 6

7 Plasma acts as a transport medium for the cells and dissolved substances e.g. Digestion products e.g. Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, minerals and vitamins Large soluble proteins e.g. fibrinogen Wastes e.g. Carbon dioxide, urea Hormones e.g. Insulin Antibodies

3 Types of Blood Cell 8

Red Blood Cells 9 Biconcave discs - greater surface area No Nucleus or Mitochondria Contain haemoglobin. Oxygen binds to the haem (iron) part and forms oxyhaemoglobin & gets carried around the body Live for 120 days, then broken down in the Liver Flexible Cell membrane - allows movement Made in red bone marrow of ribs & sternum

A Day in the Life of a Red Blood Cell 10

Learning check 11 1.Blood is made up of 4 different substances, name them. 2.What is Plasma made up of? 3.What chemical does Red Blood Cells contain? 4.What chemical does Red Blood Cells carry around the body?

White Blood Cells 12 Two types Have a Nucleus No definite shape Formed in red bone marrow and mature in spleen Protect against disease 1.Lymphocytes 2.Monocytes Produce antibodies Engulf microorganisms

larger then red blood cell live for a few hours or days before being replaced Immune System - Natural Killer Cell 13

Lymphocytes - Stored in lymphatic system (spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids & thymus gland), have large nucleus and make antibodies. (25% of white cells) Introduction to how the immune system works 14

Monocytes – engulf & digest bacteria, have kidney shaped nucleus & live for 6-9 days (5% of white cells) 15

PLATELETS 16 Tiny fragments of larger cells Made in red bone marrow Important role in the clotting of the blood No nucleus Hemostasis - Helpful Blood Clotting How Does Blood Clot -

Learning check 17 1.What is the function of White Blood Cells? 2.Name two types of white blood cells and give the function of each type. 3.What is the function of Platelets?

Functions of Blood 1. Transport: a) Oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin around the body b) carbon dioxide in the form of hydrogen carbonate ions c) products of digestion e.g. Glucose, amino acids etc d) waste products e.g. urea e) hormones e.g. insulin 18

2. Temperature Regulation: a) Blood circulation carries heat from organs e.g. Liver, muscles to cooler parts of the body. This maintains a constant body temperature. b) Blood brings water to sweat glands. 19

3. Water & salt Regulation: It keeps the amount of water & salt in the cells at the correct level 20

Total Body Balance of Sodium and Water Water is gained from: (1) Ingestion (2) Oxidation of organic nutrients. Water is lost from (1) Skin via sweat glands (2) Respiratory passageways (3) Gastrointestinal tract (4) Urinary tract. Water and salt balance is primarily a result of regulation through urinary loss. 21

Interesting Facts About Water 75% of Americans are chronically dehydrated In 37% of Americans, the thirst mechanism is so weak that it is often mistaken by hunger Even mild dehydration will slow down one's metabolism as much as 3% Lack of water is the #1 trigger of daytime fatigue Preliminary research indicates that 8-10 glasses of water a day could significantly ease back/joint pain for up to 80% of sufferers A mere 2% drop in body water can trigger fuzzy short-term memory, trouble with basic math and difficulty focusing on a computer screen or printed page 22

4. Defence against disease: a) Monocytes: phagocytic action destroys invading bacteria b) Lymphocytes: produce antibodies - proteins our white blood cells make which stick to the foreign chemical (antigen) and mark it for destruction by other defence cells. c) Platelets: They circulate in the blood of and are involved in the formation of blood clots. 23

Learning check 24 1.What is the function of Red Blood Cells - 4? 2.Explain.

Classifications There are eight blood groups and they are classified using two systems. 1. ABO System 2. Rhesus system 25

ABO System The first system is called the ABO System and it has four main groups: 1. O Group 2. A Group 3. B Group 4. AB Group 26

ABO Blood Groups Type OType A A Type B B Type AB A B Antigen 27

Rhesus System The second system is called the Rhesus System and is classified as: 1. Rhesus Positive (+) and 2. Rhesus Negative (-). The Rh Factor 28

The two systems combine to define the following of eight different blood groups of O-, O+, A-, A+, B-, B+, AB- and AB+. 29

Blood Group Compatibility A person with AB+ blood type can receive blood from all of the major blood type groups. At the other extreme people with O- blood type can only receive blood from donors with the same blood type. Blood group O is the universal donor as it can be given to all the 4 blood groups. 30

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Irish Blood Group Type Frequency Distribution Blood group O Positive is the most common group in Ireland while AB negative is the least common. 33

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Blood Group Distribution Facts The most common blood group in Ireland is O positive (47% of the population) The rarest blood group in Ireland is AB negative (1% of the population) The most common blood group is O, accounting for about 46% of the world's population. However, in some areas other blood groups predominate, in Norway for example, type A is the most prevalent People in the West of Ireland are predominantly of blood group O There is a higher concentration of Group A blood in counties which historically received Viking, Anglo Norman and English population settlements There are more people with Rhesus negative blood on the East coast than the West 35

36 It is essential to know a persons blood group for safe blood transfusions A B AB O The presence or absence of different glycoprotein's molecules on the surface of the red blood cells determines the blood group, they act as antigens i.e. Blood group: A has A antigens on the red blood cells. B has B antigens on the red blood cells. AB has AB antigens on the red blood cells. O has neither antigen on the red blood cells. ABO system

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Rhesus System 85% of Irish people have rhesus chemical on surface of red blood cell. 15% don’t. Rhesus factor is important in pregnancy as problems may arise in second and further pregnancies if the mother is Rh - and the baby is Rh + 39

Red blood cells in the infant's blood are destroyed by antibodies in the mother's blood. If Rh-positive blood is transfused into an Rh-negative person, the latter will gradually develop antibodies called anti-Rh agglutinins, that attach to the Rh-positive red blood cells, causing them to agglutinate / clumped together. Could result in the death of the infant if the condition is not recognized and treated. 40

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Learning check 42 1.There are eight blood groups and they are classified using two systems, explain. 2.Explain Blood Group Compatibility. 3.What do the presence or absence of glycoprotein's molecules on the surface of the red blood cells determine?

Blood Type Important when giving blood transfusions to match the blood group as transfusion with incompatible blood causes clumping of the donor red blood, which could lead to kidney failure in 3 days & death in 8 days. 43

Karl Landsteiner Discovered that most red blood cells contain a complex carbohydrate and protein chemical on the surface membrane. Red Blood Cell’s can be placed into blood groups depending on the types chemicals attached to their cell membrane. Blood Types: ABO and Rh 13mins 44