URBAN SOCIETY IN THE 19 TH CENTURY

What was life like in the cities?

“Gin Lane” by William Hogarth  How did the middle class feel about the conditions of the working class and the poor?  What did they attribute to these conditions?  Why did this cause anxiety and fears for the middle class?

Answering the “Social Question”  Religious Reforms  Social Reforms

Other Reform Movements  Unions  Working Conditions

How did Urban life change in the 19 th century?

Health Reforms  Chadwick’s “sanitary idea”  Reforming the “miasmatic theory”  Lister’s “antiseptic principle”

City Planning  Georges Haussman and “Haussmanification”  Developments  Tree lined boulevards  Small parks in neighborhoods  Sewage systems  Mass transportation

Social Structure Middle Class  18-19% of British Society  Characteristics  Upper Middle Class  Middle Middle Class  Lower Middle Class  Fashion expectations  Education  Behavior Expectations Working Class  80% of British Society  Characteristics  “Labor Aristocracy”  Semiskilled  unskilled

Leisure and Religion  Drinking becomes more socially acceptable  Growth of music halls and leisure sports  Continued Christian presence despite decline in attendance  Reasons for decline?

Marriage  More based on love than economics  Strong kinship ties  Gender roles  “Separate spheres” Women’s roles Men’s roles

Child Care  Growing devotion towards children  Examples  Why this new devotion?