1. 18 Contrasting Lifestyles c.1850:
Social change in 18th- and 19th-Century England and Ireland
18 Contrasting Lifestyles c.1850:
Industrial England and Rural Ireland
WHAT YOU WILL LEARN
At the end of this chapter you should understand ...
What working conditions were like in the factories and mines.
How people lived in the cities.
How improvements were made to working and living conditions.
How rich and poor differed.
How sport became more organised.

2. Working Conditions Working in Factories
SOME FACTORY RULES
Being late for work
Fined 3d (4c)
Weavers leaving the room without permission
Whistling, singing or talking
Fined 6d (8c)
Opening a window
Fined 1s (15c)
What were the differences between conditions in domestic industry and in the factory system?

3. Women and children in Factories
Working Conditions
Women and children in Factories
Cheaper than men
Children beaten
No concern for safety
Accidents common
Workers lost jobs
Profits more important

4. Working in the Mines Why were conditions so bad in the mines? Flooding
Use of Newcomen’s steam engine to pump out water
Build-up of explosive and poisonous gases
Ventilation shafts and trapdoors
Explosions caused by naked flames in lamps
Davy safety lamp

5. Living Conditions in the Cities
Population of cities
1750
1851
London
675,000
2,362,000
Liverpool
35,000
376,000
Manchester
45,000
303,000
Leeds
14,000
172,000
How difficult were living conditions in the cities?

6. Living Conditions in the Cities
Why were the average ages of death lower in the cities?
Average Ages of Death during the Industrial Revolution
Manchester
Rutland
Labourers 17 33
Middle class 38 50

7. Improvements in Working and Living Conditions Demand for improvements
Government Reports
Trade Unions
Demand for improvements
Some factory owners and members of Parliament

8. Improvements in Working and Living Conditions
Factory Acts and Mines Act
1833 Factory Act Children under 9 not allowed to work; 9- to 13-year-olds – maximum of
9 hours work, 2 hours school.
Inspectors appointed to enforce the law.
1836 Registration of births, deaths and marriages.
1842 Mines Act Women and children under 10 not allowed to work underground in the mines.

9. Improvements in Working and Living Conditions
Health
Simpson
Chlorform
Lister
Cleanliness
Jenner
Vaccination
What improvements were made in health?

10. Improvements in Working and Living Conditions
Public Health
Chadwick
The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population
Public Health Act 1848
Streets
Water supplies
Sewage
Housing construction
Slum clearance

11. Rich and Poor
Poor
Food
Clothes
Education
Rich
Food
Clothes
Education

12. Why and how did leisure activities increase during the 19th century?