Ch. 14

Distinguish between urban and rural land. Describe three major ways in which humans use land. Explain the concept of ecosystem services.

 Must have  At least 2,500 people  A governing body – city council etc.

 Any area not classified at urban  Provides many resources for humans  Wood  Crops  Minerals  Livestock land  recreation

 Up until about 1850 most people lived in – Rural areas  The Industrial Revolution changed this  Machinery  Better transportation  Elimination of rural jobs  People moved to the city to find jobs

 We are still very dependant on rural areas for  Clean drinking water  Fertile soil and land for crops  Trees for wood and paper  Oxygen produced by vegetation  Ecosystem Services – resources that are produced by natural and artificial ecosystems

 Developed Countries – need 8 hectares (19.7 acres) of land for their ecosystem services per person  US – need 12 hectares of land (29.6 acres)  Germany – need 6 hectares (14.8 acres)  Developing Nations – use less than 1 hectare (2.5 acrea) per person

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 Pg. 383  Clean water – purified by rivers  Clean air – purified by plants  Oxygen from plants  Lumber from trees  Fertile soil from decomposing plants  Flood prevention from plant roots  Climate regulation from oceans and atmosphere  Decomposition of waste  Beauty

 Describe the urban crisis, and explain what people are doing to deal with it.  Explain how urban sprawl affects the environment.  Explain how open spaces provide urban areas with environmental benefits.  Explain the heat-island effect.  Describe how people use the geographic information system as a tool for land-use planning.

 1960 – 70% of people lived in cities  1980 – 75% of people lived in cities  Urban growth has slowed

 Cities built before the invention of the car  cover a small area  Traffic problems  Not much open space  Cities built after the invention of the car  Cover large areas  Better traffic flow  Better city planning  More “green” spaces

L.A. Population = 3.8 million Area = 498 square miles New York Population = 8.3 million Area = 305 square miles

 Provide ecosystem services for large cities  Temperature moderation  Reduction of rainwater runoff  Aesthetic value

 Trafic jams  Substandard housing  Air pollution  Water pollution  Can overwhelm the infrastructin  Roads  Sewers  Fire and police stations  Schools  Hospitals  Etc.

 Creates suburbs  Most suburbs are built on land previously used for food production

 L.A. and Mexcico City were buildin basins and have expanded into the mountain side around them

 Can effect local weather patterns Atlanta, GA Tornado

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 Where are houses, building, factories, etc. going to be built.  This helps deal with overpopulation later  Use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to simulate where things are going to be built

 Explain the benefits of preserving farmland.  Describe two ways that rangeland can be managed sustainably.  Describe the environmental effects of deforestation.  Explain the function of parks and of wilderness areas.

 Threatened by urban sprawl

 Usually used for grazing livestock  Can be arid (dry) or wet (swamps)  Often overgrazed

 Valued for the wood it produces.  Clear-cutting – removal of all trees in an area  Less expensive  More harmful  Selective cutting – removal of only the mature or middle-aged trees  More expensive  Less harmful

 Reduced wildlife  Created erosion of topsoil

 Can be natural or man made

 The US Wilderness Act of 1964  Designated certain lands as wilderness areas  Wilderness – an area of land that is protected from exploitation