Biology Journal 9/14/12 What molecule is the macromolecule DNA made out of? How did that molecule get its name?

Biology Journal 9/20/10 What do ribosomes do? What other organelle are ribosomes often attached to? What does that organelle do?

How many cells do you think are in the average human’s body? Biology Journal 11/21/13 How many cells do you think are in the average human’s body?

Biology Journal 11/21/13 How is this picture like the endosymbiotic theory? What was some of the evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

Biology Journal 11/22/13 What are histones? What are chromosomes? What’s the difference between the DNA of a eukaryote and the DNA of a prokaryote?

2.2 Prokaryotic Cells Assessment statement 2.2.1 Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of Escherichia coli (E. coli) as an example of a prokaryote. cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm pili, flagella, ribosomes nucleoid (region containing naked DNA) 2.2.2 Annotate the diagram from 2.2.1 with the functions of each named structure. 2.2.3 Identify structures from 2.2.1 in electron micrographs of E. coli. 2.2.4 State that prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission.

2.3 Eukaryotic Cells Assessment statement 2.3.1 Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of a liver cell as an example of an animal cell. free ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) lysosome, Golgi apparatus mitochondrion, nucleus 2.3.2 Annotate the diagram from 2.3.1 with the functions of each named structure. 2.3.3 Identify structures from 2.3.1 in electron micrographs of liver cells. 2.3.4 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. naked DNA versus DNA associated with proteins DNA in cytoplasm versus DNA enclosed in a nuclear envelope no mitochondria versus mitochondria 70S versus 80S ribosomes eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions 2.3.5 State three differences between plant and animal cells. 2.3.6 Outline two roles of extracellular components. The plant cell wall maintains cell shape, prevents excessive water uptake, and holds the whole plant up against the force of gravity. Animal cells secrete glycoproteins that form the extracellular matrix. This functions in support, adhesion and movement.

Cells: The Basic Units of Life

Nucleus Contains the DNA Has a nuclear membrane

In most cells the nucleus is the easiest organelle to see White blood cells Muscle Cells Red blood cells, these don’t have a nucleus

Nucleus means “middle” it’s used in many ways in science

Mitochondria Makes energy for the cell through a reaction called cellular respiration uses up oxygen and sugar for fuel

What kinds of cells might need a lot of energy? Muscle cells have lots of mitochondria

What other kinds of cells might need a lot of energy? Neurons (brain and nerve cells) use energy to send electrical signals

What other kinds of cells might need a lot of energy?

What kinds of cells don’t need a lot of energy? Bone cells Fat cells (adipose tissue)

Ribosomes Make protein through translation Made out of rRNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes that send proteins to where they need to go using chemical signals Rough E. R. has ribosomes on it Smooth E. R. does not have ribosomes on it. E. R. is like a postal carrier, sending proteins to where they are supposed to go.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough and smooth are connected. The Rough has ribosomes on it like rhinestones on a shirt.

Golgi Complex / Apparatus Packages up molecules in a sac called a vesicle and sends them to where they need to go using chemical signals Camillo Golgi, winner of Nobel prize in medicine in 1906; winner of world’s sexiest moustache competition in 1907.

Vacuole A sack for storing water and nutrients. Like a storage tank. Most plant cells have 1 large vacuole

Why might plant cells store lots of water in vacuoles, but animal cells don’t?

Chloroplast Uses sunlight to make sugar molecules (photosynthesis) Contains green pigments (chlorophyll) Plants only

Lysosome Breaks down and digests large pieces of food, or unneeded organelles, using acids and enzymes Animal cells tend to have many. Plant cells rarely do.

In what tissues might we find a lot of lysosomes? Digestive Cells

What other cells might we find a lot of lysosomes? Bacteria trying to out-run a white blood cell. If the white blood cell gobbles up a bacteria, it sends the bacteria to a lysosome to be digested.

Cytoplasm is chalked full of molecules that the cell uses. The jelly-like substance that takes up the space inside a cell. Cytoplasm is chalked full of molecules that the cell uses.

Cell Membrane ( aka Plasma membrane) The “skin” of a cell. Controls what enters and leaves through transport proteins.

Cell Membrane ( aka Plasma membrane) It’s made out of two layers of lipids called phospholipids.

Plant Cell Wall Hard structure made out of carbohydrates. Makes plant cells strong and sturdy, but prevents them from moving Plants only!

Bacterial Cell Wall A tough structure made out of peptidoglycan (a protein-carbohydrate substance) In some bacteria, this cell wall can be stained and identified (called gram-positive bacteria), and in some bacteria the cell wall can’t (called gram-negative bacteria)

Flagella A whip-like tail for swimming through liquid.

There are 2 basic kinds of cells Prokaryotes Bacteria Have 1 circular piece of DNA No organelles! Small and simple, so they can multiply fast!

There are 2 basic kinds of cells 2. Eukaryotes Have many pieces of linear DNA (in lines) Have organelles! Bigger and more complex Anything multicelluar is a eukaryote (including you)

Eukaryotes are about 100 times bigger than prokaryotes

Eukaryotes Both Prokaryotes Biology Journal 11/26/2013 Compare and contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes in a Venn diagram. Eukaryotes Both Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes Both Prokaryotes Biology Journal 11/26/2013 Compare and contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes in a Venn diagram. Eukaryotes Both Prokaryotes Large and more complex Have a cell membrane and cytoplasm Small and simple Has a nucleus and organelles Reproduce through asexual cell division Lacks a nucleus and lacks organelles DNA is linear and in many pieces (chromosomes) Have ribosomes (but they are different) DNA is circular and in one piece (usually) Cells divide through mitosis Cells divide through binary fission Have 80s ribosomes Have 70s ribosomes Attaches and transfers DNA through pili

Endoplasmic Reticulum Identify the structures in this false-colored microscopic image of a human liver cell Mitochondria Ribosomes (free) Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Lysosome Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough)

Identify the structures in these false-colored microscopic images Cell membrane Cytoplasm (the darker spheres are ribosomes) Cell wall Pili Flagella Nucleoid region (where DNA is located)

Extracellular Components – parts outside of the cell The cell wall of plants Gives the cell shape Holds the cell up against gravity Prevents it from exploding from too much water Glycoproteins of animals Made out of carbohydrates attached to proteins Gives the cells adhesion Anchors the cell to surrounding cells Allow for movement