Chapter 19 Southwest Asia & Indian Ocean

Ottoman Empire, to 1750 Expansion & Frontiers Founder- Osman-1300 NW Anatolia Expanded throughout 16 th century Fought w/ Venice for control of Mediterranean Forced Venice to pay tribute-allowed them to trade Ottomans defended nearby Muslim ports but not non-Ottoman merchants in Indian Ocean activities/ch21.html

Expansion of Ottoman Empire, 16 th century

Ottoman Empire: The Military Originally, nomadic (Mongol) mounted warriors armed with bows Janissaries were captured Balkan Christian men on foot w/guns

Ottoman Empire Society Devshirme were Christian boys taken by force from their families, converted to Islam, trained & enrolled in one of the four royal institutions: the Palace, the Scribes, the Religious & the Military

Ottoman Society Cosmopolitan Askeri-Osmanli- speaking, tax-exempt military class served sultan as soldiers & bureaucrats The Raya- –Christians, Jews, Muslims

Suleiman the Magnificent Defeated Safavids on land Defeated at sea by combined Christian forces at battle of Lepanto in1571 Turkish cavalry paid in land grants Janissaries paid from the treasury

Military State, Expense of Janissaries increased Importance of landholding Turkish cavalry decreased New World silver caused inflation-undermined purchasing power for fixed income people like military & students at the madrasas

Military Crisis Financial deterioration Short-term mercenaries brought rebellion & banditry to Anatolia Janissaries began to marry, went into business Janissary corps increased in number but declined in military readiness

Economic Change & Growing Weakness Sultan & heirs secluded in palace Become weak & lazy Government run by chief administrators Government corruption Devshirme discontinued Janissaries became politically powerful hereditary elite –spent more time on crafts & trade than on military training

Economic Change & Growing Weakness Civil Strife Land grants for military service replaced by tax farming Rural administration became dependent on powerful provincial governors & wealthy tax farmers Oppressed peasants flee or rebel Janissaries block military reform –Lose ground to European rivals

Economic Change & Growing Weakness Trade declined Europeans began to dominate Ottoman maritime import/export trade Did not control strategic ports or establish colonial settlements on Ottoman territory

The Safavid Empire Ismail, declared himself Shah of Iran in 1502 Brutally forced everyone to adopt Shi’ite Islam Caused severe conflict w/ Sunni neighbors

Society & Religion theocracy very different from Sunni neighbors Shah, viewed as semi- divine direct descendant from prophet Muhammad

Society & Religion Sufi rituals Iranian culture supported concept of “Hidden Imam” & emotional annual commemoration of martyrdom of Imam Husayn-Muhammad’s grandson Shrine of Iman Husayn in Karbala, Iraq

Society & Religion Islam continued to provide universal tradition, but local understandings of Islam differed A pair of turquoise-tiled minarets, flank the entrance to the Masjid-i-Sháh (King's Mosque) in the city of Esfahan, Iran. Building commenced in 1612, on the orders of Shah Abbas I,

The Blue Mosque The Blue Mosque (or Sultan Ahmet Mosque) in Istanbul was built between by Mehmet Aga for Sultan Ahmet I Modelled after two other great religious buildings of Istanbul – Hagia Sophia & the Suleimaniye Mosque – it is known as the Blue Mosque because of the mostly blue & green tile work & painting of its interior