RUSSIA

Nicholas I [r ] Under his rule, Russia was:  Autocratic  Conservative  Orthodox  Weak agriculturally  Weak technologically

The Crimean War [ ] Russia [claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Attempted to take over a small area of the Ottoman empire; believed European powers would allow since they helped put down 1848 Revolutions] Ottoman Empire France Great Britain Piedmont- Sardinia

The Crimean War [ ]

Florence Nightingale [ ]

Treaty of Paris [1856]  No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.  All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire.  Alexander II realized that Russia had to modernize or be left behind.

Alexander II [r ] Emancipation of the Russian serfs [ ]. (Serfs were given poor land, and had to pay a high price) New system of local representative government: zemstvo

Alexander II [r ] Reworked the judicial system- based on the Napoleonic Code Reformed the army, navy, and police

Alexander attempted to bring some liberal reforms: a parliamentary body, but eventually created a police state after an attempt on his life in Brought modernization to Russia in the 1860s: increased the railroad which allowed for faster transportation of goods and allowed Russia to export grain. (from 1,250 to 15,000 miles by the 1880s) Factories and industrial towns were build along the railroad. A new working class developed in Russia as well.

 He had suppressed nationalist movements by ethnic groups, but, after numerous attempts, was assassinated in 1881 by Polish nationalists.

Alexander III [r ] Brought an end to reforms of Alexander II. Wanted to increase Russian nationalism- suppressed culture of other ethnic groups Strengthened Eastern Orthodox Church Secure and increase autocratic power

As tsar, he reversed most of the liberal changes introduced by his father. He encouraged anti-Semitic attacks on Jews. He also weakened the power of the zmestvos (local administration).

Russia strengthened its military, but did not go to war under his reign. Alexander III was against foreign influence, especially German. Russia did continue to industrialize which led to political problems and the rise of socialism there.

Appointed Sergei Witte as finance minister, transportation minister, and director of railroad. Doubled railroad to 30,000 miles Encouraged foreign investors to build factories and manufacturing centers in Russia. Government didn’t have to spend money, provided jobs and goods for Russian workers.

Encouraged a protective tariff to strengthen the Russian economy and protect Russian goods. Put Russia on the gold standard which allowed for international trade. Russia became one of the top 5 steel and oil producers in the world

Russian Expansion A heterogeneous empire

Revolution of 1905 Conditions were still poor for the peasants Urban workers developed similar problems as factory workers in Western Europe during the early 1800s Poor working and living conditions in cities led to the creation of illegal unions.

Revolution of 1905 Led by Father Gapon, thousands of peaceful demonstrators marched through St. Petersburg to the Tsar’s Winter Palace. Tsar Nicholas II had left, Russian troops open fire and killed over 1,000 protestors. “Bloody Sunday”

Revolution of 1905 Strikes and revolts continued throughout Nicholas issued the October Manifesto in response which granted the Russian people some civil rights and a representative body in government know as the Duma. By 1914, Russia was partially modernized with a conservative, constitutional monarchy.

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

Russian Expansion The Pale