Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology What is anatomy? –Structures (morphology)- form, arrangement- where they are and what they look like What is physiology? –Functions- what they do and how they do it  form follows function  Structure is always related to function

The Characteristics of Life We, obviously, are living, but how do we know? All organisms: –Are composed of cells –Move- internal or external –Respond to the environment –Growth/Maturation –Reproduce Cells and organism –Undergo respiration Production of energy –Undergo digestion Break substances down All organisms: –Undergo absorption Move substances across membranes –Undergo assimilation Change to fit needs –Utilize circulation Move substances within body –Undergo excretion Remove waste These physical and chemical events constitute metabolism.

Requirements of Humans To keep us alive, there are certain things we need: Water –Most abundant substance in body –Required for metabolic processes –Transportation/circulation –Regulation of body temperature Food –Raw material for energy and building new cells Oxygen –Required for cell respiration Heat –Helps control rate of reactions Pressure (atmospheric, hydrostatic) –Required for breathing –Required for circulation

Our bodies do NOT like change! To stay alive we MUST maintain a stable internal environment  through HOMEOSTASIS  Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes

We are composed of parts within parts: Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell- smallest living part Tissue- group of same cells working together Organ- group of tissues working together System- group of organs working together Organism- groups of systems working together

Our bodies can be divided into different sections: Portions –Axial: head, neck, trunk –Appendicular: upper and lower limbs

Our bodies can be divided into different sections: Cavities –Dorsal: cranial, vertebral –Ventral: thoracic, abdominopelvic

We can also be divided into Organ Systems 1-15

Organ Systems 1-16

Organ Systems 1-17

To be sure we don’t make mistakes, we need to be able to explain where things are accurately. Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward Terms of relative position –Superior/Inferior –Anterior/Posterior –Medial/Lateral –Ipsilateral/Contralateral –Proximal/Distal –Superficial/Deep

Body sections or cuts Saggital Transverse Coronal

Body Regions 1-21

Body Regions There are designations for body regions/parts, take note of the 9 abdominal regions and 4 quadrants.