ESPAÑOL UNO CAPÍTULO 1 APUNTES

Noun: person, place, thing, idea LOS SUSTANTIVOS Noun: person, place, thing, idea

LOS SUSTANTIVOS A noun is a word used to identify people, places, things, or ideas. All Spanish nouns have gender; masculine or feminine. All Spanish nouns also have number; singular or plural. Spanish nouns are generally accompanied by an article.

Nouns that refer to living things Masculine Nouns el hombre the man ending in –o el chico the boy el alumno the (male) student ending in –or el director the (male) principal el profesor the (male) teacher

Nouns that refer to living things Feminine Nouns la mujer the woman ending in –a la chica the girl la alumna the (female) student ending in –ora la directora the (female) principal la profesora the (female) teacher

Spanish nouns Nouns that refer to males, like el hombre, are generally masculine and end in –o or –or. Nouns that refer to females, like la mujer, are generally feminine and end in –a and –ora.

Spanish nouns Some nouns have almost identical masculine and feminine forms—notice the difference. la joven the youth; the young woman la estudiante the (female) student el joven the youth; the young man el estudiante the (male) student

Nouns that refer to nonliving things Masculine Nouns ending in –o el cuaderno the notebook el horario the schedule el número the number el diccionario the dictionary

Nouns that refer to nonliving things Feminine Nouns ending in –a la pantalla the screen la pizarra the chalkboard la papelera the garbage can la escuela the school

Spanish nouns Because the gender of nouns that refer to non-living things cannot be determined by foolproof rules, you should memorize the gender of each noun you learn.

Spanish nouns It is helpful to memorize each noun with its corresponding article, el for masculine and la for feminine. Another reason to memorize the gender of every noun is that there are common exceptions to the rules of gender. Feminine noun ending in –o la mano (hand) Masculine noun ending in –a el mapa (map)

Plural of nouns el chico  los chicos la palabra  las palabras Nouns that end in a vowel form the plural by adding –s. el chico  los chicos la palabra  las palabras Nouns that end in a consonant add –es. el profesor  los profesores Nouns that end in –z change the –z to –c, then add –es. el lápiz  los lápices la luz  las luces

Plural of nouns You use the masculine plural form of the noun to refer to a group that includes both males and females. 1 pasajero + 2 pasajeras = 3 pasajeros 2 chicos + 2 chicas = 4 chicos

LOS ARTÍCULOS Articles. the a(n), some

Spanish articles English often uses definite articles (the) and indefinite articles (a, an) before nouns. Spanish also has definite and indefinite articles—used much more! Spanish articles vary in form because they agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.

Definite articles Spanish has four forms that are equivalent to the English definite article the. You use definite articles to refer to specific nouns. Masculine Singular el diccionario the dictionary Plural los diccionarios the dictionaries Feminine Singular la computadora the computer Plural las computadoras the computers

Indefinite articles unos amigos Singular Plural Singular Plural Spanish has four forms that are equivalent to the English indefinite article, which according to context may mean a, an, or some. You use indefinite articles to refer to unspecified persons or things. Masculine Singular un amigo a (one) friend Plural unos amigos some friends Feminine Singular una bandera a (one) photograph Plural unas banderas some photographs

¿el, la, los o las? _____ chico _____ chica _____ maleta ¡INTÉNTALO! Provide a definite article for each noun in the first column and an indefinite article for each noun in the second column. ¿el, la, los o las? _____ chico _____ chica _____ maleta _____ cuadernos _____ lápiz _____ mujeres ¿un, una, unos o unas? _____ autobús _____ escuela _____ computadora _____ hombre _____ señoras _____ lápices

ADJ RULE Adjectives must agree in number and gender with the noun or nouns modified.

Subject Pronouns. I, you, he, she, we, y’all, they PRONOMBRES SUJETOS Subject Pronouns. I, you, he, she, we, y’all, they

Subject pronouns In order to use verbs, you will need to learn about subject pronouns. A subject pronoun replaces the name or title of a person or thing and acts as the subject of a verb. In both Spanish and English, subject pronouns are divided into three groups: first person, second person, and third person.

Singular yo tú usted (Ud.) él ella FIRST PERSON I SECOND PERSON you (familiar) usted (Ud.) you (formal) THIRD PERSON él he ella she

Plural nosotros nosotras vosotros vosotras ustedes (Uds.) ellos ellas FIRST PERSON nosotros we (masculine) nosotras we (feminine) SECOND PERSON vosotros you (masc., fam.) vosotras you (fem., fam) ustedes (Uds.) you (form.) THIRD PERSON ellos they (masc.) ellas they (fem.)

Subject pronouns Spanish has two subject pronouns that mean you (singular). Use tú when addressing a friend, a family member, or a child you know well—very informal Use Usted to address a person with whom you have a formal or more distant relationship, such as a superior at work, a professor, or an older person—formal.

Subject pronouns The masculine plural forms nosotros, vosotros, and ellos refer to a group of males or to a group of males and females. The feminine plural forms nosotras, vosotras, and ellas can refer only to groups made up exclusively of females.

Subject Pronouns Es un problema. It’s a problem. There is no Spanish equivalent of the English subject pronoun it. Generally it is not expressed in Spanish. Es un problema. It’s a problem.

you are (formal); he / she is The verb ser (to be) SINGULAR FORMS yo soy I am tú eres you are (informal) Ud. / él / ella es you are (formal); he / she is

you are (formal); they are The verb ser (to be) PLURAL FORMS nosotros(as) somos we are vosotros(as) sois you all are (informal) Uds. / ellos / ellas son you are (formal); they are

¡ATENCIÓN! Marta es profesora. Marta es una profesora excelente. Unlike English, Spanish does not use the indefinite article (un, una) after ser when referring to professions, unless accompanied by an adjective or other description: Marta es profesora. Marta es una profesora excelente.

¡INTÉNTALO! Provide the correct present forms of ser. 1. Gabriel _____ 2. Juan y yo (m.) _____ 3. Óscar y Flora _____ 4. Adriana _____ 5. las turistas _____ 6. el chico _____ 7. los conductores _____ 8. el señor y la señora Ruiz _____