Imperialism in Muslim Lands & Asia Subtle Racism 1

Weaknesses Ottoman Empire Geopolitics & the Crimean War Empire begins to fail after Suleyman I dies in 1566 Slow decline over next 300 years Europeans want control over strategically important land Russians declare war on Ottoman Empire to gain control of the Black Sea & warm water ports Britain & France help the Ottomans defeat Russia First war covered by newspaper reporters First war to have women as Army nurses, led by Florence Nightingale Revealed the weakness of the Ottoman Empire Britain & Russia also fought over control of India, dragging Afghanistan & central Asia into it Summarize info above. 2

Egypt Muhammed Ali & his descendants Emerged after Napoleon failed to win Egypt Broke away from Ottoman Empire & gained control of Syria & Arabia Modernized the military & economy, converted to plantations growing cotton a cash crop instead of subsistence farming, peasants lost lands & therefore food Suez Canal—built with Egyptian labor & French money, made trade much quicker allowing ships to sail from Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean without sailing around Africa Modernization costs money and Egypt could not pay its debts so British took control in 1882 Summarize it in your own words. 3

Persia—modern day Iran Caught in the middle Persia had to fight off Russia & Britain due to its strategic location & access to the Persian Gulf Oil discovered in 1908 drew increased pressure from Britain Tensions between the rulers and religious leaders developed into civil unrest, the rulers gave up too much while the religious leaders held the power of the people 1906 a constitution was established 1907 Britain & France divide the nation into spheres of influence Summarize it in your own words. 4

India East India Company Controlled India without the British government interfering through the use of a “sepoys,” an army of native Indian soldiers “Jewel in the Crown,” India was considered Britain’s most valuable colony, the British designed laws that made the Indian economy dependent upon British manufacturing Railroads and the improved infrastructure made trade easier Colonization destroyed the local economy and made it impossible for native farmers to be self- sufficient Summarize it in your own words. 5

Problems in India 1857—Sepoy Mutiny Economic difficulties, nationalism, and cultural ignorance led to a rebellion Rumors that new cartridges were greased with beef & pork fat (offensive to Hindus & Muslims) led to a rebellion that lasted more than a year and forced the British government to take control of the Indian government Divisions in Indian society & weak leadership kept the Indians from gaining independence The defeat of the rebellion added to the British sense of racial superiority, Social Darwinism Indian nationalist groups formed and began to campaign for independence Summarize it in your own words. 6

Southeast Asia Pacific Rim Siam—present day Thailand Dutch East India Company takes control of the East Indies British take control of Malaysia French take control of Indochina, modern day Vietnam The major difference is this area became an immigration destination creating a melting pot of Asian cultures Siam kings played colonial powers against each other and made Siam a neutral territory King Mongkut modernized & maintained Siam culture at the same time Summarize it in your own words. 7

US Imperialism Spanish- American War Hawaii US acquires the Philippines, Puerto Rico, & Guam after winning the war they started with Spain Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo fought for independence, US promised to prepare them for self-rule but it took quite a while American businessmen encouraged growing cash crops which led to food shortages US influence began with sugar plantations, laws eliminating tariffs made Hawaiian sugar more expensive made the American sugar growers push for annexation, they over threw the Hawaiian queen in 1893 and made Sanford B.Dole president of the new republic, Hawaii was made an American territory in 1898 Summarize it in your own words. 8