Macromolecules

What are macromolecules?

What makes up Macromolecules? CHNOPS

The Six Most Abundant Elements of Life

What makes something Organic? If it contains the element Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) Ex of an organic molecule… –HYDROCARBONS are important chemicals in biology…they contain only C and Hydrogen bonded in different proportions

Hydrocarbons (a) Methane (b) Ethane (c) Ethene (ethylene) Molecular Formula Structural Formula Ball-and- Stick Model Space- Filling Model H H H H H H H H H H HH H H C C C CC CH 4 C2H6C2H6 C2H4C2H4 Name and Comments

Functional Groups In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.

Carboxyl Groups O C OH HC H H C O H H H C O C OO + H +

Hydroxyl Group Ethanol H H H HH CC OH

Carbonyl Group Carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond (symbolized as C=O). Like hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups contribute to making molecules water-soluble. All sugar molecules have one carbonyl group, in addition to hydroxyl groups on the other carbon atoms. C O

Two Forms of Carbonyl Groups: Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehyde groups, where the C=O group is at the end of an organic molecule. A hydrogen atom is also located on the same carbon atom. Keto groups, where the C=O group is located within an organic molecule. All sugars have either a keto or an aldehyde group. An aldehyde and a ketone may be structural isomers with different properties, as is the case for acetone and propanal. C O CCC H H HH H O H H H H H H H C C C O Propanal, an aldehyde Acetone, a ketone

Aldehydes

Functional Groups Phosphate O P O OH

Sulfhydryl

Amine Group

Putting things together…let’s make some MACROMOLECULES

Monomers & Polymers: monomers smaller building blocks of the macromolecules POLYMERS: proteins: Mono=Amino acids nucleic acid: Mono= nucleotides carbohydrate: Mono= monosaccharides lipid: Mono=Fatty acids

Putting together / Taking apart macromolecules: macromolecules: monomers polymers Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis fig 4.3

19 Aug. 2009Chemistry.ppt20 Synthesis = dehydration synthesis Removal of OH + H forms water, H 2 O Leaves bonding sites that join monomer units.

19 Aug. 2009Chemistry.ppt21 Disassembly = hydrolysis Break bond between monomer units. Add OH + H to fill bonding sites.

Fill in Chart… For each Macromolecule –Made of (elements) –Basic Unit (monomer) –Function –Where found –Examples

Proteins - Composition Proteins can be made up of any or all of… –Carbon –Hydrogen –Nitrogen –Oxygen –Sulfur