Solutions & Solubility

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Heterogeneous Aqueous Solutions

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Presentation transcript:

Solutions & Solubility Creating Solutions

The Solution Process A. Solution - homogeneous mixture Solute - substance being dissolved Solvent - dissolving medium

B. Solvation – the process of dissolving The Solution Process B. Solvation – the process of dissolving 1st solute particles are surrounded by solvent particles First... 2nd solute particles are separated and pulled into solution Then...

C. “Like Dissolves Like” The Solution Process C. “Like Dissolves Like” NONPOLAR POLAR Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar compounds Polar solvents dissolve polar molecules and ionic compounds

“Polar Dissolves Polar”

Electrolytes A. Electrolytes – compounds that conduct an electric current in solutions All ionic compounds are electrolytes Compounds that don’t conduct an electric current are called nonelectrolytes – not composed of ions, includes many molecular compounds (covalent bonds)

Electrolytes Non- Electrolyte Weak Electrolyte Strong Electrolyte + sugar - + acetic acid - + salt Non- Electrolyte Weak Electrolyte Strong Electrolyte solute exists as molecules only solute exists as ions and molecules solute exists as ions only solute exists as molecules only solute exists as ions and molecules solute exists as ions only

Heterogeneous Systems A. Suspensions – mixtures from which particles settle out upon standing and the average particle size is greater than 100 nm in diameter. Clearly identified as two substances Gravity or filtration will separate the particles B. Colloids – heterogeneous mixtures containing particles that are between 1 nm and 100 nm in diameter Appear to be homogeneous but particles are dispersed through medium Ex: paint, aerosol spray, smoke, marshmallow, whipped cream

Heterogeneous Systems C. Tyndall Effect - phenomenon observed when beam of light passes through a colloid or suspension Colloids exhibit the Tyndall effect Colloid Solution

Some Examples of Strong Electrolytes, Weak Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes Acids (HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4) Heavy metal halides Most organic Compounds Bases (NaOH, KOH) water Glucose Ions, Ionic compounds (KCl, CaCl2, KClO3, MgSO4) Organic (acids & bases) Glycerol