1. Water

2. Unique Features High surface tension Low vapor pressure
High specific heat capacity
High boiling point
All are the result of hydrogen bonding.

3. Surface Tension
The inward pull that minimizes the surface area of a liquid
Water forms Hydrogen bonds so it has high surface tension
Surfactants decrease surface tension by interfering with the Hydrogen bonds
Soaps or detergents

5. Solvents and Solutes Solvents and solutes together make up a solution
Solvation (dissolution) – the process of making a solution

6. Electrolytes
Electrolytes are compounds that conduct an electric current in aqueous solution or their molten state
All ionic compounds are electrolytes
Most molecular compounds are nonelectrolytes

7. Strong vs. Weak
Strong- almost all the solute exists as separate ions. (KCl)
Weak – only a small fraction of the solute exists as ions (NH3)

8. Water of Hydration
Some compounds contain water as part of their formula unit (CuSO H2O)
When heated above 100 degrees Celsius, the water is lost and the crystals crumble
If water is added, the crystal is reformed

9. Hygroscopic
Salts and other compounds that remove moisture from the air to form higher hydrates
CaCl2 H2O  CaCl2 2H2O
Used as drying agents (desiccants)
Deliquescent compounds remove so much water that they are able to form solutions

10. Suspensions Heterogeneous mixture Particles settle out upon standing
Particles in a suspension are larger than those in solutions (100nm or larger)
Muddy water

11. Colloids Heterogeneous mixture
Particles in colloids are smaller than those in suspensions but larger than solutions
Particles = Dispersed phase
Found in the Dispersion medium
Foams, emulsions, aerosols, smoke, gels

12. Tyndall Effect
Scattering of light