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II III I C. Johannesson I. The Nature of Solutions (p. 401 - 410, 425 - 433) Ch. 13 & 14 - Solutions
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C. Johannesson A. Definitions Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute - substance being dissolved
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C. Johannesson A. Definitions Solute Solute - KMnO 4 Solvent Solvent - H 2 O
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C. Johannesson B. Solvation Solvation – Solvation – the process of dissolving solute particles are separated and pulled into solution solute particles are surrounded by solvent particles
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C. Johannesson B. Solvation Strong Electrolyte Non- Electrolyte solute exists as ions only - + salt - + sugar solute exists as molecules only - + acetic acid Weak Electrolyte solute exists as ions and molecules DISSOCIATIONIONIZATION View animation online.animation
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C. Johannesson B. Solvation Dissociation separation of an ionic solid into aqueous ions NaCl(s) Na + (aq) + Cl – (aq)
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C. Johannesson B. Solvation Ionization breaking apart of some polar molecules into aqueous ions HNO 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l) H 3 O + (aq) + NO 3 – (aq)
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C. Johannesson B. Solvation Molecular Solvation molecules stay intact C 6 H 12 O 6 (s) C 6 H 12 O 6 (aq)
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C. Johannesson B. Solvation NONPOLAR POLAR “Like Dissolves Like”
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C. Johannesson B. Solvation Soap/Detergent polar “head” with long nonpolar “tail” dissolves nonpolar grease in polar water
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C. Johannesson C. Solubility SATURATED SOLUTION no more solute dissolves UNSATURATED SOLUTION more solute dissolves SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION becomes unstable, crystals form concentration
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C. Johannesson C. Solubility Solubility maximum grams of solute that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature varies with temp based on a saturated soln
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C. Johannesson C. Solubility Solubility Curve shows the dependence of solubility on temperature
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C. Johannesson C. Solubility Solids are more soluble at... high temperatures. Gases are more soluble at... low temperatures & high pressures (Henry’s Law). EX: nitrogen narcosis, the “bends,” soda
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