1. MIXTURES & SOLUTIONS 1

2. Mixtures Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances.
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous

3. HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES3

4. Heterogeneous Mixtures
medium-large particles
exhibits Tyndall effect
particles may settle
example: milk, lemonade

5. Suspensions
Suspensions are NOT solutions; they are heterogeneous mixtures.
The particles are so large that they settle
out of the solvent if not constantly stirred.
They can be separated by filtration.

6. Colloids Colloids are NOT solutions; they are heterogeneous mixtures.
The particles are intermediate in size between
those of a suspension and those of a solution.
They are made up of a dispersed phase and a
dispersing medium.
They cannot be separated by filtration-
particles will not settle out. 6

7. The Tyndall Effect Colloids scatter light, making a beam visible.
Solutions do not scatter light.
Which glass contains a colloid?
colloid solution 7

8. Types of Colloids Examples Dispersing Medium Dispersed Substance
Colloid Type
Fog, aerosol sprays
Gas
Liquid
Aerosol
Smoke, airborne bacteria
Solid
Whipped cream, soap suds
Foam
Milk, mayonnaise
Emulsion
Paint, clays, gelatin
Sol
Marshmallow, Styrofoam
Solid foam
Butter, cheese
Solid emulsion
Ruby glass
Solid sol

9. SEPARATING MIXTURES 9

10. Separating Mixtures
Filtration
Distillation

11. Separating Mixtures
Crystallization
Chromatography

12. HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES 12

13. Solutions Homogeneous mixtures
TWO or more substances in a single phase
Has the same composition and properties
throughout
Very small particles
Dissolved atoms, ions, or molecules 13

14. Properties of Solutions
Usually clear and transparent-not necessarily colorless
No Tyndall effect
Particles do not settle over time
Can not be separated by filtration
Can be solids, liquids, or gases 14

15. Alloys: mixture made of 2 or more metals- a solid solution
Ex. Steel, brass (Cu and Zn), bronze, 14-karat gold, sterling silver
BRONZE
KARATS of GOLD
STEEL
BRASS 15

16. Solute Solvent A solute is the dissolved substance in a solution.
Salt in salt water
Sugar in soda drinks
Carbon dioxide in soda drinks
Solvent
A solvent is the dissolving medium in a solution.
Water in salt water
Water in soda

17. Terms to Know Soluble vs. Insoluble Miscible vs. Immiscible
Solvation & Hydration
Electrolyte vs. Nonelectrolyte

18. Solution Types
Saturated
Unsaturated
Supersaturated

19. POGIL Time!

20. Factors affecting the RATE of solvation:
Temperature of the solvent
… ↑temperature, ↑rate
Stirring/agitation
… ↑solute/solvent contact, ↑ rate
Size of the solute particles
… ↑surface area, ↑ rate
Amount of solute already in solution
…increase solute, ↓ rate 20

21. Solubility - The amount of a substance required to form a saturated solution with a specific amount of solvent at a specified temperature and pressure.

22. Solute/Solvent Interactions
General Rule : “like dissolves like”
Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents
Non-polar solutes dissolve in non-polar solvents

23. Temperature and Solubility
1. Gas solubility decreases with increases in temperature. 2. Solubility of MOST solids increases with temperature. 23

24. Pressure and Solubility
Solid/Liquid: very little effect
Gas: ↑P…↑solubility
…obeys Henry’s Law 24

25. Pressure and Solubility
Gas: ↓P… ↓solubility
…Effervescence 25

26. POGIL Time!

27. Solution Concentration
The concentration of a solution is a measure of how much solute is dissolved in a specific amount of solvent or solution. 27

28. Molarity Molarity (M): moles of solute per liter solution
Referred to as Molar...ex. 5.5 M NaCl 28

29. Dilutions Stock solutions are concentrated with standard molarities
can be diluted by adding solvent
↑ solvent particles… ↓ solution concentration
number of solute particles is UNchanged 29