 explain expected stages and patterns of language development as related to first and second language acquisition (critical period hypothesis– Proficiency levels).  explain how first language development affects development of English (Transferability Theory- Threshold Hypothesis).

To Think About: Is it better to learn a second language when one is young or when one is older? Why? Discuss your ideas with a partner.

The Critical Period Hypothesis (Eric Lenneberg (1967) Lenneberg stated that: L2 is best learned between age 2 and puberty Ability to learn language is negatively affected by the completion of process of lateralization

 Critical Period Hypothesis  Laterialization is when each side of the brain develops its own specialized functions  Young learners use the same part of the brain for learning both languages  Older learners use different parts of the brain

 Lenneberg stated that  Lateralization is completed by puberty  Therefore, L2 should be learned between age 2 and puberty (according to Lenneberg)  More recent research has indicated that lateralization actually is completed by age 5

Therefore, young learners (before age 5) are actually native speakers of both languages They learn both L1 and L2 the way a native speaker does

 Advantages to being a younger learner  More likely to develop a native-like accent  Less to learn to be considered proficient  More likely to receive comprehensible input

 Advantages to being an older learner  Can consciously use strategies to aid learning  Has knowledge from L1 to draw from  Has greater control over input

 Proficiency includes grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse and strategic competence

Grammatical Competence Mastery of language code Lexicon (vocabulary) Word formation rules Sentence formation rules Pronunciation rules Spelling

Sociolinguistic Competence Mastery of appropriate language use in different contexts How to speak to a friend How to speak to someone in authority How to speak socially vs. professionally

Discourse Competence Mastery of how to combine meanings and forms to create a text in different modes Examples: Telephone inquiry Narrative text Oral report

Strategic Competence Mastery of verbal and non-verbal strategies to compensate for breakdowns in communication Examples: How to ask for help How to rephrase a statement

If you wanted to learn another language, how long do you think it would take you to speak and understand that language? How long would it take you to read and write? Discuss your ideas with a partner.

BICS ( Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills) 2 to 3 years Ability to converse and understand every day discussions

CALP (Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency) 4 to 10 years Ability to read, write, speak, and listen at an academic level

 How can you identify a learner’s language acquisition level?  Discuss with a partner how the language acquisition level can be determined. In other words, how do you know if a learner is a beginner, an intermediate, or advanced learner of the L2?

 Instead of using beginner, intermediate and advanced, a more specific classification system can be used.  A learner can be at the preproduction, early speech, speech emergence or intermediate fluency stage

1) Preproduction/Comprehension Stage Characteristics  Silent period  Can respond non-verbally  Will be able to understand more than they can produce  The teacher should NOT force the learner to talk  The teacher should ask the learner to draw, point, act out, label

2) Early Speech Production Characteristics -Can understand more than can produce -Can produce one or two words at a time -Will pick up phrases (He cutted.) - The teacher should ask the learner yes/no questions - The teacher should ask the learner choice questions (Is this a ___ or a ___?)

3) Speech Emergence Characteristics -Speaks in phrases -Makes lots of errors -Interlanguage occurs (a mixture of vocabulary and structures from both languages) - The teacher should ask the learner questions such as What is this? What does ___ do?

4) Intermediate Fluency Characteristics -Appear orally fluent -Errors are same errors native speakers make -Struggle with content area reading and writing. -The teacher should modify higher level questions. For example, instead of asking a student to compare two items, the teacher should ask the student how two items are the same. Then the teacher should ask how they are different

Look at the next slide which illustrates a Dual Iceberg Representation of first and second language development. What does this illustration mean?

common underlying proficiency Dual Iceberg Representation surface features surface features L1 L2

 Many skills and concepts are common or interdependent across languages.  A skill or concept learned in one language transfers to another language when the necessary vocabulary is acquired

 For example, a learner only learns to read once. If a learner can read, he/she can read in another language, once the vocabulary is learned.  What needs to be explicitly taught in the other language are the features that are different.

Directionality Sequencing Ability to distinguish shapes and sounds Knowledge that written symbols correspond to sounds and can be decoded in order and direction

Activation of semantic and syntactic knowledge Knowledge of text structure Learning to use cues to predict meaning Awareness of the variety of purposes for reading and writing Confidence in oneself as a reader and writer

Critical and Cultural Literacy (interpretation of text given a specific cultural world view) From: C. Roberts. (1994). Transferring literacy skills from L1 to L2: From theory to practice. In The Journal of Educational Issues of Language Minority Students, v. p

 The threshold hypothesis states there is a threshold level of ability that needs to be reached in one language in order for a learner to be successful in another language  The threshold hypothesis also states that high levels of bilingualism have positive cognitive effects

 The better developed the L1, the better developed the L2 can be.  High level of proficiency in L1-high level of proficiency in L2 is possible  A low level of proficiency in L1-lower level of proficiency in L2

 With a partner, list 3 new things you have learned today.

Compare between first language learner and second language learner ( minimum 5 points)