Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and Adams

 “we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal...”

THOMAS JEFFERSONAARON BURR

 “Tributes” : fees paid to leaders of the Barbary coast

 This is the first declaration of war against the US by a foreign power.

 William Eaton recruited mercenaries and marched 500 miles to attack Tripoli and rescue US sailors  Stephen Decatur sailed into Tripoli harbor and set the Philadelphia on fire

 Believed the independent farmer was the foundation of the nation  Succeeded in reducing the size of the military and in reducing taxes  Reduced the national debt  Louisiana Purchase  Lewis and Clark Expedition

 “No tribe has the right to sell [these lands], even to each other, much less to strangers... Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Didn’t the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children?”

 Indiana’s territorial governor, assembled the leaders of the Potawatomi, Miami, and Delaware tribes  negotiated the Treaty of Fort Wayne, falsely saying it would be the last land the US would seek;  He purchased 3,000,000 acres at about 2 cents per acre.

 Harrison’s forces were victorious and burned Prophetstown;  the battle brought together several tribes to oppose white settlement in the Indiana territory

 frontier violence actually increased after the battle.

 Indian conflicts in the Northwest Territory  Attacks on American ships by France and England  The Embargo Act—confusion over trade  The War Hawks—Henry Clay from Kentucky and John C. Calhoun from South Carolina

 1813 January: British and Indian allies repel American troops at the Battle of Frenchtown (present-day Michigan). American survivors are killed the following day in the Raisin River Massacre (present- day Michigan).  1813 October: The warrior Tecumseh is killed at the Battle of the Thames (Canada).  1814 August 24, 24: The British burn Washington, DC in retaliation for the burning of York. President James Madison flees the Capital.  1814 September The Battle of Plattsburg on Lake Champlain is a major American victory, securing its northern border. The Battle of Baltimore takes place at Fort McHenry, where Francis Scott Key wrote The Star Spangled Banner.

 Battle of Horseshoe Bend more than 550 Indians killed and several hundred more died trying to cross the river

 1814 December: The Treaty of Ghent. Americans and British diplomats agree to the terms of a treaty and return to the status quo from before the war.  1815 January Andrew Jackson defeats the British at the Battle of New Orleans.

 No one.  The ones that benefited were the young politicians called the War Hawks  Biggest losers were the Indians who lost leaders, land, and the British protectors

 A gathering of anti-war Federalists in New England  They discussed strategies to weaken the political power of the South  Secession?  Eliminate three-fifths clause?  The Convention resulted in the Federalist party losing any authority it had

 Based on British Common Law  Wives had no independent legal or political personhood  Legal doctrine of feme covert holds that a wife’s civic life is subsumed by that of her husband

 By 1820, all states but South Carolina recognized a limited right to divorce  Single, adult women could own and convey property, make contracts, initiate lawsuits, and pay taxes. They could not vote, serve on juries, or practice law.

 Most Protestant denominations barred women from governance  Quakers and Baptists in New England made exceptions

 Small number of women preachers between 1790 and 1820, i.e. Jemima Wilkinson, a “Publick Universal Friend,” claimed to be genderless and dressed in men’s clothing

 “female academies”  Examples: Troy Female Seminary in New York founded by Emma Willard in 1821 and Hartford Seminary in Connecticut founded by Catharine Beecher in 1822

 Formulated the Monroe Doctrine

 Three-fifths law gave the south more representation  In 1820, the South owed seventeen of its seats in the House of Representatives to its slave population  One Georgia representative said that the debate over Missouri started “a fire which all the waters of the ocean could not extinguish. It can be extinguished only in blood.”

 Maintain a balance in the Senate between slaveholding and non-slaveholding states  Limit all future expansion of slavery to territory south of Missouri’s southern border  Maine joins the Union at the same time as Missouri

 First presidential election to have a popular vote tally  Andrew Jackson won the popular vote  John Quincy Adams was second  In the electoral college, Jackson won 99 votes to Adams’ 84.  The election went to the House of Representatives where Adams won by one vote  Jackson called the election the “corrupt bargain”