Aristotelian Argument Classic Argument Format • confrontational style; aims to break down opponents opinions; assumes audience is on the other side of the argument • a five (or sometimes six) part series • malleable form; leaves room for exclusion/inclusion of various established concepts

Aristotelian Argument Introduction (includes two parts) 1. Exordium: The basic beginning of the essay which grabs the attention of the audience and shows your good-will intentions (Ethos). Some authors use a quotation from another source or construct a metaphoric analogy of the problem at hand. 2. Narration

Aristotelian Argument Introduction (includes two parts) 1. Exordium 2. Narration: An overview of the history of the problem, showing how the situation developed over time. • Thesis: declarative statement which explains your observations of the problem (Logos). Logically, this is considered the claim you are arguing. • Division of Proofs: brief outline of your material; at least three major discussion points presented in the Body.

Aristotelian Argument Body (includes two parts) 1. Confirmation of your case by presenting evidence or claims 2. Concession/Refutation of audience’s opposing views

Aristotelian Argument Body (includes two parts) 1. Confirmation of your case by presenting evidence or claims (includes two or more of the following): • deductive logical reasoning • facts and statistics • reasons • testimony of experts • opinions supported by facts • reports • analogy

Aristotelian Argument Body (includes two parts) 1. Confirmation of your case by presenting evidence or claims 2. Concession/Refutation of audience’s opposing views. Anticipating opposing commentary allows a good writer to respond to the various points that could be proposed by the opposition.   • provide possible counterargument of your opponent, then use a rebuttal to demonstrate the invalidity of your opponent’s views • point out any logical flaws of your opponent

Aristotelian Argument Conclusion (includes one or more of following) 1. Summary of argument: reinforce views and clarify any misunderstandings. However, do not simply repeat established information for the sake of making the expected word count. If a point needs re-emphasis, use different phrases and wording. • Be prepared to re-explain the point again to show how and why it is worthy of special notice. 2. Peroration: final appeal for support (Pathos). 3. Provide a solution.

Aristotelian Argument Outline Introduction Exordium: grab attention Narration: provides overview Body Confirmation: present evidence and claims Concession / Refutation: offer rebuttal Conclusion Summary: reinforce views Peroration: final appeal Solution: offer plausible resolution