1. Argument What is required?

2. Argument – the essentials Claim – a statement that expresses a point of view on a debatable topic “the exact wording of the claim rarely finds its way into the essay” (Troyka & Hesse, Handbook for Writers, 2007) Support – evidence, reasons, examples

3. The Classical Argument Exordium – draws in reader Narration – provides background Partition – defines parameter of the argument (make claim) Confirmation – offers support (evidence/reasons) Refutation – responds to opposing positions Peroration – concludes, compelling people to think or act

4. The Rogerian Argument Introduction – sets the stage for the position and gains reader’s interest and respect (i.e. Exordium & Narration) Thesis Statement – states the topic and position (i.e. Partition) Common ground – acknowledges that audience probably agree; speculates areas of agreement (contains elements of Refutation) Discussion of Position – provide evidence and reasons (i.e. Confirmation) Conclusion – same as in Classical Argument

5. Other Elements to Consider Define Key Terms Words central to topic and message Words open to interpretation such as abstract terms Three Appeals (Logos, Ethos, Pathos) Strong arguments rely on all three Consider Audience Which approach will be most effective?

6. Toulmin Argument Consider underlying assumptions (Warrants) in determining effectiveness of argument Helpful in crafting positions Helpful in analyzing arguments CLAIM:The college should establish an honor code SUPPORT:Last semester, more than fifty students were caught cheating on exams. WARRANTS: