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Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Colossal squid Architeuthis Giant squid Evaginated gills surrounded by water bearing oxygen
oxygenated water deoxygenated, carbonated water operculum Perca flavescens Muscular operation of operculum system moves water into mouth, over evaginated gills, and out from trailing edge of operculum See Fig pg 907
oxygenated deoxygenated How do evaginated gills work? filament enlarged… ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
oxygenated water deoxygenated water Gill filament shows counter-current exchange design: blood from heart blood return to heart water and blood flow in opposite directions See Fig pg 907
Counter-current is more efficient than concurrent exchange Countercurrent flow maximizes: Oxygen removal from water Blood oxygen content countercurrent water blood concurrent water blood Percent O 2 Saturation water blood Percent O 2 Saturation water blood This efficient system is needed because oxygen solubility is very low in water (10 mg/L) compared to in air (286 mg/L). See Fig pg 907
Delicate gills need protection from predators: shells, opercula Other species evolved internalized respiratory trees… ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Sea cucumber body systems evaginated or invaginated?
Tidal flow through anus into respiratory tree of sea cucumber:
The tidal flow gas supply is enough to support a friend too…
The shell obviously provides a hard covering for the visceral mass. The snail shown here is a pulmonate, with a vascularized mantle cavity serving as a lung. Vascularizing this led to loss of the gills in most gastropods. The gastropods, are clearly hermaphroditic, and some are self-fertile. Free-living larval stages are the dispersal mechanisms in water (diffusion?) Trochophore larva: Veliger larva: And now for a look inside our gastropod mollusc…
veliger larva Adult Sea elephant (snail)… trochophore larva sLarva1.jpg AtlantaSpRadula11.230a.jpg its radula its proboscis gas exchange by simple diffusion
pneumostome optical tentacles sensory tentacles mantle foot skirt The slug shows the pneumostome in the mantle for breathing.
book gills
book gills book lungs trachea Chelicerata diffusion Considerable diversity within a single taxonomic category media/97/ E jpg content/uploads/2007/09/tickdorsalview jpg international/scorpion.gif
Argyroneta aquatica, the water spider, traps air with body hairs at surface and brings the air down to the hydrophobic web for later use…sometimes called the “water bell” spider.
Centruroides vittatus (bark scorpion) has a book lung (an evaginated surface like a gill for terrestrial gas exchange) ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company