Chapter 1 – Foundations of Civilization Historians – What do they do? Study and write about the historical past Learn form artifacts and written evidence Evaluate evidence to determine if is reliable Analyze evidence to understand why events happened and what may happen in the future

Sec 1 – Understanding Our Past Anthropologists – What do they do? Study the origins and development of people and their societies Modern anthropologists specialize in certain fields, such as: Sociocultural, Biological, Archaeological, Linguistic Anthropology. In anthropology, what does culture refer to? The way of life of a society, which includes its beliefs, values, and practices. Culture is handed down from one generation to another through learning experiences.

Sec 1 – Understanding Our Past Archaeologists Are also anthropologists Study past people and cultures through material remains, such as buildings and artifacts Find artifacts at a site, then analyze them Use technology to study their findings

Sec 1 – Understanding Our Past Australopithecines (aw stray loh PITH uh synz) - Earliest Hominids Lived in Africa Appeared 7 million years ago Homo Habilis Emerged about 2 million years ago Made stone tools

Sec 1 – Understanding Our Past Homo Erectus Appeared 2 millions years ago, walked upright Larger brains, bones and smaller teeth First to use fire, and migrate out of Africa Homo Sapiens Emerged between 100,000 and 250,000 years ago May have lived in Africa, then migrated to other parts of the world Divided into 2 groups: Neanderthals and early modern humans

Sec 2 – Turning Point: The Neolithic Revolution Life before farming Called Old Stone Age/Paleolithic Nomadic Hunter Gatherers, bands of 20 to 30 Made simple tools Built fires and made clothing Developed spoken language Learned to cross water Showed belief in spiritual world, buried their dead

Sec 2 – Turning Point: The Neolithic Revolution Life after Farming Called New Stone Age/ Neolithic Grew own food, no longer nomads Settled first permanent villages Developed new skills and technologies: plant and animal domestication, calendars Men began to dominate family, economic and political life Differences in wealth appeared

Sec 3 – Beginnings of Civilization Rise of Cities and Civilizations Located near major rivers River Valley Civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China Features of Civilization Cities Organized governments Complex religions Job specialization Social classes

Sec 3 – Beginnings of Civilization Arts and Architecture – Expressed the talents, beliefs, and values of the people who created them. Public Works – projects such as irrigation systems, roads, bridges, and defensive walls. Writing – some, but not all developed writing. Evolution: EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION