1. Bell Ringer Procedure (Section Summary)
Read the Section Summary.
Annotate the Section Summary.
Every key word, concept, event circled, triangles, squares, etc.
Only main idea underlined that relates to above. (Use underlining sparingly with only main ideas and context underlined. All words or many words underlined is an immediate signal that reading did not take place and was completed carelessly. Any indication that the section summary was NOT read, will be an automatic “0”.)
Complete the Reading Check, Vocabulary Strategy, and Reading Skill in the blue margin and then answer both Review Questions.
If finished early, start on your homework.

2. How to annotate?

3. Homework Procedure (Note Taking Study Guide)
Read the assigned Section from the Textbook.
Complete the Note Taking Study Guide to the corresponding section.
Be prepared to turn in the next day.

4. Scholars Who Study the Past
Historians
• Study and write about the historical past
• Analyze evidence to understand why events happened
Anthropologists
• Study the origins and development of people and their societies by studying human bones; others study human cultures.
Archaeologists
• Are also anthropologists
• Study past people and cultures through material remains, such as buildings and artifacts

5. World History: Units of Study
How to make a timeline:

6. Prehistory Prehistory Eras Paleolithic or Old Stone Age
Neolithic or New Stone Age
During both periods people made stone tools.
During Neolithic age, new skills and technologies that led to major changes.

7. Paleolithic or Old Stone Age

8. Hominids Homo erectus Australopithecines Homo sapiens Homo habilis
• 2 million to 250,000 years ago, walked upright
• Had larger brains and bones and smaller teeth than other hominids
• Thought to be first to use fire and to migrate out of Africa
• Made hand axes
Homo sapiens
• 100,000 and 250,000 years ago
• May have lived in Africa, then migrated into rest of world, or may have developed from Homo erectus in different parts of the world
• Divided into two groups: Neanderthals and early modern humans
• Between 50,000 and 30,000 years ago Neanderthals disappeared; early modern humans are now the only hominids on Earth.
Hominids
Australopithecines
• Earliest hominids
• Lived in Africa
•7 million years ago
Homo habilis
• 2 million years ago
• Made stone tools for cutting, scraping, chop- ping, or sawing plants, animals, and wood

10. Animal skin turned into clothes Spoken language Burial traditions
Nomads:
Weapons
Fire
Animal skin turned into clothes
Spoken language
Burial traditions
Belief systems like religion and spiritual world
Cave painting which started art
Animism – World full of spirits and forces in animals, objects, or dreams

11. Understanding Our Past
“Lucy”
1950’s – Mary and Louis Leakey found clues in East Africa of ancient stone tools that were developed as survival tools.
1959 – Mary discovered “Lucy” a skull of an early hominid. Lucy dated to 3 million years.
1974 – David Johansson found remains of a hominid skeleton in Ethiopia. Johansson names Mary’s skull “Lucy” while digging for remains and listening to “Lucy in the Sky with Diamond.”

12. Finding Lucy

13. Human Evolution Timeline Interactive
Who is Lucy? Web and video quest.
Human Evolution Timeline Interactive
Finding Lucy
Who is Lucy?
Ending credits of the movie “Across the Universe”
original song from the Beatles

14. How did the first civilizations evolve? (p. 2-3)
First Humans
Invention of tools
Hunters/gatherers
Animal skins, spears, sticks, fruit, roots, and wild grain
Traveled north and south to find food as seasons changed
Chips stone tools, pointed spears for killing, digging sticks to move dirt and find food, fire tools, pictographs with cave carvings, etc.
Paleolithic Age 2.5 to 3 million years to 10,000 years.

15. Eras of Prehistory Life Before Farming Old Stone Age/Paleolithic
Nomads; hunted and gathered food
Lived in bands of 20 to 30
Made simple tools out of stone, bone, and wood
Built fires and made clothing
Developed spoken language
Learned to cross water
Showed belief in a spiritual world, buried their dead, and made cave paintings
Life After Farming
New Stone Age/Neolithic
Grew own food, no longer nomads
Farmers settled the first permanent villages, including Çatalhüyük and Jericho.
Developed new skills and technologies, including plant and animal domestication, and calendars.
Men began to dominate family, economic, and political life.
Differences in wealth appeared.

16. 2. Neolithic or New Stone Age
The Neolithic Age made several contributions to modern civilization:
Food production creating surpluses
Permanent settlements
Domestication of plants and animals
The Neolithic Age Explained

17. How did the first civilizations evolve? (p. 2-3)
Farming
Ancient Societies
10,000 years ago
Settling, villages of stone and mud
Farming of crops
Domestication of animals
Job specialization
Emergence of city-states (5,000 years ago)
Civilization – time period when humans stopped migrating and sit- th down-ith.
Cradles of Civilizations – Middle East (Sumer and Mesopotamia), North Africa (Egypt), India (Indus River Valley), and China (China)
Commonalities: (Social Structures)
Hereditary Rulers (Monarchy) like Sumerian Priests & Egypt’s Pharaohs
Land Owning Aristocrats
Merchants
Peasants

18. How did the first civilizations evolve? (p. 2-3)
Ancient Cultures
Architecture – constructed palaces, temples (ziggurats), & pyramids.
Artists – sculptures and painters
Writing – Tale of Epic of Gilgamesh (Mesopotamia), Sinuhe (Egypt), Mahabharata (India), and Book of Songs (China).
Advances in science and technology such as metalworking, textiles, development of mathematics, and astronomy.
Development of complex Religions (all polytheistic) with the exception of the Hebrews who developed the first monotheistic religion.

19. The Development of Civilizations
Rise of Cities and Civilizations
• Located near major rivers
• River valley civilizations arose in the Middle East, Egypt, India, and China.
• In the Americas, early civilizations arose in the highlands; they may have begun as religious centers.
• Away from cities, people lived as hunters, gatherers, farmers, and nomads.

20. The Development of Civilizations
8 Features of Civilizations
Rise of Cities (Main Feature?)
Organized governments
Complex religions
Job specialization
Social classes
Arts and architecture
Public works
Writing

21. Match the job specialization with the social hierarchy.
Why were scribes so important?

22. The Development of Civilizations
Changes Over Time
Changes in the physical environment caused civilizations to change.
Interactions among people and cultural diffusion caused civilizations to change.
As rulers grew more powerful, civilizations began to center around city-states and empires.

23. Cultural Diffusion leads to the rise of city-states and then later to the rise of empires.

24. Next lesson is Cradles of Civilization
Next lesson is Cradles of Civilization. We will start with Mesopotamia, then Egypt, India, and China.
Video: Forgotten Empires Secrets of Ancient Mesopotamia Full Documentary
Directions: Watch the video and write down one example of each of the eight features of civilization.