China: Dynasty to Communism HWH UNIT 12 CHAPTER 15.4 and 18.3

Review… Imperialism Manchu Dynasty Western domination Japanese aggression Empress Dowager Ci Xi Henry Pu Yi, the Last Emperor Sun Yat-Sen (Sun Yixian) ( ) Three Principles of the People Chinese Republic, 1911

At this point, what obstacles does Sun face in unifying China?

The Chinese Republic Weak Western imperialists War Lords Yuan Shikai Decentralization and chaos

WWI Japan’s Twenty-One Demands, 1915 Japan demanded land in China Treaty of Versailles Japan given German possessions in China The May Fourth Movement Another call to strengthen China and resist imperialism China had officially sided with the Allies in WWI Some see communism as the solution…

The Guomindang Chinese nationalists Established by Sun Yat-Sen Led by Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) ( ) Successor to Sun The Northern Expedition, 1926 Chiang allies with communists to defeat the warlords Success!

Chiang in Charge Massacre at Canton, 1927 Chiang orders communists massacred Beginning of Civil War (on and off until 1949) Mao Zedong ( ) Chinese Communist Party Power base with peasants

The Long March, 1936

The Long March Nearly 100,000 begin Only 10,000 survive Mao and Zho Enlai High casualties, but spread communist popularity

Civil War on Hold 1931: Japan invades Manchuria 1937: Japan launches full-scale invasion of China Guomindang and Communists cooperate But do not trust each other

Civil War Resumes Japan surrenders, 1945 Civil War resumes US supports Chiang and the Nationalists USSR supports Mao and the communists Communist Victory, October 1949 Goumindang was corrupt Guomindang worked with the western “imperialists” Communists promised prosperity to peasants Most Chinese were peasants

The People’s Republic of China (PRC)

The Republic of China (Nationalist China, or Taiwan)

Mao and the PRC Collectivization and Repression Xenophobia Korean War WWII Western Imperialism Atomic Bomb Western involvement in Vietnam The “Great Leap Forward” (1958) Mao’s attempt to force China into modernity Outrageous production goals Disastrous famine Perhaps 50,000,000 starve

Tensions with the USSR Mao dislikes Khrushchev’s “Peaceful Coexistence” with the West Conflict over the borders Irredentism

Mao Steps Back “ Pragmatists” “Pragmatists” Liu Shao Chi, Allowed for some private ownership Zho Enlai Lin Pao

The Cultural Revolution, 1966 The Red Guard Chaos,

American Relations with China Capitalize on Sino-Soviet Split Brezhnev Doctrine “Ping-Pong Diplomacy” Nixon visits China (and Moscow) PRC gets Taiwan’s seat on the UN Security Council, 1971