1. Struggles of the Republic
China in Revolution
Struggles of the Republic

2. Chinese Revolution of 1911
Qing Dynasty collapsed and China declared itself a republic, ending imperial rule
Dr. Sun Yat-sen led the movement to start a new government to replace the Qing
Founding Principles:
Nationalism
Democracy
Livelihood

3. Dr. Sun Yat-sen
Returns from the United States to become the leader of the Nationalist Party (1911)
Briefly becomes president of the new republic
Established 3 main Principals for National Reconstruction
“Three Principles of the People”
Nationalism
Democracy
Livelihood

4. “Three Principles of the People”
Group Work
Read your assigned section and answer the questions
Nationalism
Democracy
Livelihood
Share with your group members who worked on different sections to complete all questions

5. Summary Principle of Nationalism
Make China a unified nation and end foreign domination
Principle of Nationalism
Establish a representative government
Principle of Democracy
Ensure a decent living for all Chinese by establishing economic stability
Principle of Livelihood

6. Years of Turmoil
1925 – Sun Yatsen dies
Chiang takes over as leader of nationalist party (Kuomintang – KMT)
Appoints Chiang Kai-shek to command Nationalist army
Sun Yatsen continues to rally support for his nationalist movement
Warlords and regional leaders begin to battle for power
General Yuan Shikai forces Sun Yatsen to step down as president

7. Challenges to Nationalist Authority
1. Family ties are stronger than nationalist ties
2. No experience with representative government
3. Badly depressed economy
4. Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
1927 – Chiang expelled them from the party and killed many

8. The Emergence of Mao Zedong
Became the leader of the Communist party in the 1920s
Early Beliefs
Communist success depended on the support of peasants
Peasants should be treated fairly
Mao Zedong

9. Nationalists and Communists
Which political ideas were the people going to listen to? Who had the right to rule?
Nationalists vs Communists

10. The Long March
90,000 Chinese began
7,000 Chinese finished
Feeling threatened, Chiang launched a massive campaign against the Communist army
Outnumbered, Communists begin to flee
Result: The communist party is left strengthened in spirit and the will prevail against the nationalists

11. The Long March

12. The Long March
Traveled 6,000 miles from Southeast China to Northwest Province of Shaanxi

13. Anti-Japanese War ( )
In 1937, Japan attacks and captures China’s capital city at the time, Nanjing.
Massacre of Nanjing (Rape of Nanjing)

14. Temporary Cooperation
Communist Party (Mao Zedong) and Nationalist Party (Chaing Kai-Shek) work together
1. To rid China of European Imperialists (“Foreign Devils”)
2. To fight back against invasions by Japan ( )  Once Japan surrenders to the Allied Powers at the end of WWII this alliance ends
CCP was strategically placing themselves in position to work along side the Nationalist Party
Gain power from within

15. Japanese Soldiers March into Nanjing December 9, 1937

16. Japanese Soldiers March into Nanjing December 9, 1937

17. Japanese Invasions

18. Japanese Bayonet Practice

19. Public beheadings of Chinese criminals and than displayed to the public

20. Outcome Japan is defeated in WWII 1945
Communists and Nationalists are cooperating, but keeping watch on each other
1945
Mao’s communist forces held most of northern China
Nationalists retained southern China

21. Civil War (1946 – 1949) KMT: Kuomintang (Nationalist Party)
Chiang Kai-shek (President)
CCP: Chinese Communist Party
Mao Zedong

22. “War of Liberation”

23. Mao Zedong A revolution to remove “3 big mountains” imperialism
feudalism
bureaucrat-capitalism
A “United Front” of …
workers
peasants

24. People’s Republic of China
1/10/1949, PRC, Beijing
Chairman: Mao Zedong
Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan

25. Reasons for Mao’s Victory
Won support of huge peasant population by promising land and food
Won support of women by promising to reject traditional beliefs of Confucius
Many people across the country blamed the Nationalists for allowing the “foreign devils” to dominate in China