SOL Review Trading Patterns - Reformation

Major Trading Patterns Silk Road – overland trade route that carried goods from the Mediterranean cultures across Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia to China and back Silk Road – overland trade route that carried goods from the Mediterranean cultures across Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia to China and back Maritime Routes (Indian Ocean) – brought Chinese products by sea to destinations around the Indian Ocean and beyond Maritime Routes (Indian Ocean) – brought Chinese products by sea to destinations around the Indian Ocean and beyond

Major Trading Patterns Trans-Saharan Routes – trade of gold and salt Trans-Saharan Routes – trade of gold and salt Mediterranean Trade Network – linked up with the Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and Trans-Saharan Routes to distribute products to Mediterranean ports (connected Europe to North Africa, Byzantine Empire, and Muslim Empires) Mediterranean Trade Network – linked up with the Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and Trans-Saharan Routes to distribute products to Mediterranean ports (connected Europe to North Africa, Byzantine Empire, and Muslim Empires)

Renaissance Definition – period of rebirth and creativity Definition – period of rebirth and creativity Humanism - Study of classical culture & focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues (differed from Middle Ages – focus was on salvation and the church) Humanism - Study of classical culture & focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues (differed from Middle Ages – focus was on salvation and the church) Italian Renaissance - stressed education and revival of classical themes Italian Renaissance - stressed education and revival of classical themes Northern Renaissance - stressed education and the revival of classical themes + religious and moral reform Northern Renaissance - stressed education and the revival of classical themes + religious and moral reform

World Religions (Judaism) Founder – Abraham Founder – Abraham Holy Book – Torah Holy Book – Torah Main Beliefs – Ten Commandments (moral and religious conduct) Main Beliefs – Ten Commandments (moral and religious conduct) Location in 1500 – Europe and Middle East Location in 1500 – Europe and Middle East Location Today – North America and Israel Location Today – North America and Israel

World Religions (Christianity) Founder – Jesus Founder – Jesus Holy Book – Bible Holy Book – Bible Main Beliefs – Jesus is the Son of God, life after death, New Testament (life of Jesus) Main Beliefs – Jesus is the Son of God, life after death, New Testament (life of Jesus) Location in 1500 – Europe and Middle East Location in 1500 – Europe and Middle East Location Today – North America, South America, and Europe Location Today – North America, South America, and Europe

World Religions (Islam) Founder – Muhammad Founder – Muhammad Holy Book – Quran Holy Book – Quran Main Beliefs – Muhammad (prophet) & Five Pillars + Mecca & Medina (holy cities) Main Beliefs – Muhammad (prophet) & Five Pillars + Mecca & Medina (holy cities) Location in 1500 – Southeastern Europe, North Africa, and Asia Location in 1500 – Southeastern Europe, North Africa, and Asia Location Today – Asia, North Africa, and Middle East Location Today – Asia, North Africa, and Middle East

World Religions (Hinduism) Founder – N/A Founder – N/A Holy Book – Vedas and Upanishads Holy Book – Vedas and Upanishads Main Beliefs – Caste System, Reincarnation, Karma, and Dharma Main Beliefs – Caste System, Reincarnation, Karma, and Dharma Location in 1500 – India & Southeast Asia Location in 1500 – India & Southeast Asia Location Today - India Location Today - India

World Religions (Buddhism) Founder – Siddhartha Gautama Founder – Siddhartha Gautama Holy Book – N/A Holy Book – N/A Main Beliefs – Four Noble Truths, Reincarnation, Karma, Dharma, Eightfold Path Main Beliefs – Four Noble Truths, Reincarnation, Karma, Dharma, Eightfold Path Location in 1500 – East and Southeast Asia Location in 1500 – East and Southeast Asia Location Today – East and Southeast Asia Location Today – East and Southeast Asia

Reformation (Four Major Problems) Great Schism Great Schism Usury (supported by merchants/opposed by the Church) Usury (supported by merchants/opposed by the Church) Italian Domination (German and English Nationalism) Italian Domination (German and English Nationalism) Corruption (Indulgences) Corruption (Indulgences)

Martin Luther Major Issue – sale of indulgences Major Issue – sale of indulgences Actions – created 95 Theses (arguments against indulgences) and posted them on the door of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church – believed indulgences had no basis in the Bible Actions – created 95 Theses (arguments against indulgences) and posted them on the door of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church – believed indulgences had no basis in the Bible Salvation – Faith Alone (only needed to believe to get to heaven) Salvation – Faith Alone (only needed to believe to get to heaven) Views about the Bible – only source of religious truth (do not need a priest to interpret it for you) Views about the Bible – only source of religious truth (do not need a priest to interpret it for you)

Martin Luther Luther’s Church Luther’s Church 1. Priests and church hierarchy do not 1. Priests and church hierarchy do not have special power have special power 2. “Priesthood of all Believers” – we all 2. “Priesthood of all Believers” – we all have equal access to God through have equal access to God through faith and the Bible (do not need faith and the Bible (do not need priests) priests)

John Calvin Bible – only source of religious truth Bible – only source of religious truth Salvation – predestination (god had long ago determined who would gain salvation – saints and sinners) Salvation – predestination (god had long ago determined who would gain salvation – saints and sinners) Church Hierarchy – theocracy (government run by church leaders) Church Hierarchy – theocracy (government run by church leaders) Religious Practices – hard work, discipline, honesty, morality, etc… (want people to believe that you are among the saints) Religious Practices – hard work, discipline, honesty, morality, etc… (want people to believe that you are among the saints)

English Reformation Henry VIII – Defender of the Faith (attacked Luther for the Catholic Church) + Broke with Rome (wanted a male heir)  Anglican Church (Elizabeth I) + Act of Supremacy – made king or queen of England head of the Church + took land and wealth from Catholic Church in England Henry VIII – Defender of the Faith (attacked Luther for the Catholic Church) + Broke with Rome (wanted a male heir)  Anglican Church (Elizabeth I) + Act of Supremacy – made king or queen of England head of the Church + took land and wealth from Catholic Church in England

Impact of Reformation Peace of Augsburg – allowed German princes to select religion (protestant or catholic) Peace of Augsburg – allowed German princes to select religion (protestant or catholic) Thirty Years’ War – Holy Roman Emperor wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism (war between Protestants and Catholics) + Germany remained divided Thirty Years’ War – Holy Roman Emperor wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism (war between Protestants and Catholics) + Germany remained divided Anglican Church – Church of England Anglican Church – Church of England Edict of Nantes – religious freedom for French Protestants (Huguenots) Edict of Nantes – religious freedom for French Protestants (Huguenots)

Catholic Reformation Jesuits – seek out and punish heretics + spread Catholic Faith Jesuits – seek out and punish heretics + spread Catholic Faith Inquisition – enforce Catholic doctrine/punish heretics Inquisition – enforce Catholic doctrine/punish heretics Successful – stopped spread of Protestantism and some came back to the Catholic Church Successful – stopped spread of Protestantism and some came back to the Catholic Church

Changing Cultural Values, Traditions, and Philosophies Growth of Secularism (opposite of religious), individualism (humanism), and religious tolerance Growth of Secularism (opposite of religious), individualism (humanism), and religious tolerance No longer a unified Church in Europe (multiple Christian groups) No longer a unified Church in Europe (multiple Christian groups)

Printing Press Invented by Guttenberg Invented by Guttenberg Bible – first book printed Bible – first book printed Books became cheaper/knowledge increased Books became cheaper/knowledge increased