Early Explorations Mr. White’s World History

Big Questions ► Main Idea: During the age of exploration and expansion, Europeans expanded around the globe, and came into more contact with other societies. ► After we study this section, we should be able to answer the following questions:  What motivated Europeans to explore and expand around the globe?  What technologies allowed them to do this?

Major Change! ► The Renaissance and Reformations had created a new culture in Europe that created new ways of thinking about life, man’s place in the world, and religion. ► Exploration and expansion would change the entire world by interconnecting all the different parts of the world, forever

PART I: AGE OF EXPLORATION Many different factors motivated Europeans to expand and explore.

God, Gold, Glory ► In the early parts of exploration, countries and explorers were motivated by three things: God, gold, and glory  God – Christians desired to spread Christianity to other places around the world  Gold – Merchants desired riches from other parts of the world, gained through trade  Glory – Countries desired to grow and become stronger through exploration and empires

Contact Outside of Europe ► Europe before the Renaissance had depended on spices, such as pepper and nutmeg, from the east ► Arab and Venetian (Venice, Italy) merchants got rich from trading these spices ► The Ottoman Empire, hostile to Christians, had shut off trade between Europe and the Far East ► Many traders looked for quicker routes to the east

New Technology ► Open-water sailing required:  Sailors trained in navigation  Accurate maps  Ocean-going ships ► Compass (Chinese) – allowed naval vessels to determine their direction ► Cartographers – accurate mapmakers helped chart the seas and coast lines

The Compass

Shipbuilding ► Late in the 1400s, ships were outfitted with the lateen sails – triangle shape, enabled ships to sail against the wind ► Ships would use multiple masts of different types to make the ships more flexible in sailing ► Rudder was moved to the back of the ship to make it more maneuverable ► Caravel – incorporated all of these improvements, as well as cannons  Had a shallow draft, which allowed these ships to sail upriver

Lateen-rigged ship

PART II: PORTUGAL AND SPAIN LEAD THE WAY Portugal and Spain were the first European countries to reach out and explore.

Portugal ► Portugal began the search for an all-water route to Asia by exploring southward along the coast of Africa ► Prince Henry the Navigator – never sailed  Developed a school to train sailors in navigation  Sponsored sea-going voyages of exploration ► Henry’s students discovered the Azores, Madeira Islands, and Cape Verde Islands

Portuguese Explorers ► Bartholomeu Dias – In 1487, found the southern tip of Africa, known as the Cape of Good Hope ► Vasco de Gama – took a five ship expedition around the Cape of Good Hope to Asia  In India, de Gama tried to persuade local rulers and Muslim traders to trade with the Portuguese, but failed

Christopher Columbus ► The first Spanish explorer to venture out was the famous Christopher Columbus ► Spain had recently become unified, and was no longer fighting against a local enemy, the Moors ► Columbus approached Queen Isabella of Spain to request funding for his explorations – to seek a westward all-water route to Asia

In 1492… ► Isabella chose to support Columbus’ expedition ► 1492 – Columbus sailed with three ships, headed westward ► Avoiding a mutiny by his crew, Columbus and his expedition eventually made landfall in an island in the Bahamas

Gold ► Columbus and his crews spent the next three months exploring the local islands of Hispaniola and Cuba  Found some gold, which would be enough to convince the Spanish of the voyage’s success ► Columbus was convinced that he had found an all- water route to Asia, and returned to Europe ► In 1506, Columbus died certain that he had found a route to Asia ► In 1507, Amerigo Vespucci suggested that Columbus had discovered a new world, and had not found a way to Asia

PART III: VOYAGE OF MAGELLAN Ferdinand Magellan was the first European to make a trans-Atlantic voyage to Asia by an all-water route.

Magellan ► In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan of Portugal sailed for the Spanish to find an all-water route to Asia ► Different hardships made the journey difficult  Some of Magellan’s crews mutinied  Dangerous storms, rocky shores, shipwrecks  Water and food running out

Magellan’s Voyage ► Magellan’s crew discovered the now-named Straight of Magellan, at the southern tip of South America ► Then, they ventured into the Pacific Ocean, named by Magellan for its calmness ► Four months later, the ship reached land ► Magellan was killed by a local tribe in the Philippines ► In 1522, the last ship, and 18 survivors reached Spain ► What did this accomplish?  First circumnavigation of the globe, proving it was round  Added to knowledge about the size of the earth  Proved that the oceans of the world were connected  Proved that Columbus had “discovered” a new world

Big Questions ► Main Idea: During the age of exploration and expansion, Europeans expanded around the globe, and came into more contact with other societies. ► After we study this section, we should be able to answer the following questions:  What motivated Europeans to explore and expand around the globe?  What technologies allowed them to do this?  How did European societies change because of these explorations?