1 Adult Chain of Survival Early Recognition and Early Access (Phone 911) Early CPR Early Defibrillation Early Advanced Care

2 Function of the Heart and Lungs The heart and lungs provide oxygenated blood to the body, including the brain and the heart muscle The lungs add oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide The heart pumps (circulates) blood through the lungs and then to the body, including the brain and the heart muscle Heart Lungs

3 The Path of Oxygen Oxygen enters the body through the mouth and nose with each breath Oxygen travels through the air passages into the lung tissue Oxygen moves through the lung tissue into the blood Lower airway Upper airway

4 Function of the Heart Double pump: –Pumps blood through lungs to collect oxygen –Then pumps blood to the body to deliver oxygen Pumps (beats) about 70 times a minute in adults Each heartbeat is triggered by an electrical impulse

5 Heart Attack A heart attack happens when part of the heart muscle dies because it does not receive enough blood and oxygen.

6 Signs of Heart Attack In persons with known heart disease: – Chest pain or discomfort not relieved after 5 minutes of rest and 1 dose of nitroglycerin In persons without known heart disease: –Chest pain or discomfort that persists for 5 minutes despite rest

7 Actions for Survival Have victim stop activity and sit or lie down Phone emergency response number (or 911) If pain lasts for more than 5 minutes: Recognize the signs of a heart attack Give victim nitroglycerin if victim has known heart disease

8 Sudden Cardiac Arrest Cardiac arrest is present when the heart stops pumping blood A common cause of cardiac arrest in adults is an abnormal heart rhythm called ventricular fibrillation (VF): –In VF the heart quivers uselessly and does not pump blood –VF requires CPR and an immediate electric shock — defibrillation — to stop the VF. This will allow the normal heart rhythm to return.

9 Sudden Cardiac Arrest The best chance for survival depends on early CPR and early defibrillation For every minute that passes without CPR and defibrillation, the victim’s chance of survival falls 4 minutes: Brain injury can occur minutes: Chance of survival is small unless CPR provided

10 Stroke Block in or bleeding from a blood vessel in the brain

11 Signs of Stroke Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body. –The victim may suddenly fall or may have difficulty walking or moving. Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding. The person may suddenly: –be unable to think of correct words to use in a conversation –slur words –be unable to understand what you are saying

12 Signs of Stroke (continued) Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes. Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination. Sudden very bad headache with no known cause.

13 Signs of possible stroke — phone or have someone else phone your emergency response number (or 911)

14 The Importance of Early Treatment for Stroke If you suspect a stroke, the earlier treatment is provided, the better the outcome.

15 Causes of Death in Infants and Children Risk may be reduced for: –Motor vehicle crashes, being struck by a vehicle, or in a vehicle that crashes –Firearms or falls –Airway obstruction by a foreign object –Choking by suffocation –Burns and smoke inhalation –Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) –Poisoning

16 Injury Prevention: Motor Vehicles Buckle up! Everyone! Children up to 4 years and 40 lb: use child-restraint device (install correctly!) Children lb: use belt-positioning booster seat Children taller than 58 inches and more than 80 lb and adults: use lap and shoulder belt Children 12 years or younger should sit in the BACK seat

17 Injury Prevention Pedestrians –Supervise children near traffic –Teach children to stop, look, and listen before crossing the street and to use crosswalks Bicycles –Always wear bike helmet (ANSI- or Snell-approved) –Ride on right side of road; avoid busy streets

18 Injury Prevention Drowning –Supervise children near water, including bathtubs and pools, at all times! –Completely surround outdoor pools with fences –Be sure children wear life vests when swimming in a natural body of water or boating Firearms –Store all firearms UNLOADED and LOCKED Burns and smoke inhalation –Use smoke alarms (check batteries twice a year) –Keep drapes and furniture away from heaters

19 Injury Prevention Poisonings –Keep poison out of reach of children –Do not store in drinking containers or bottles –Place poison control number near phone Falls –In high buildings place gates on all windows in children’s rooms –Use gates to block stairways from infants and toddlers

20 Injury Prevention Sudden infant death syndrome –Place healthy infants to sleep on their backs (“Back to sleep”) –Do not put any stuffed toys or fluffy comforters or quilts in the crib with the baby Choking –Do not allow infants and small children to play with small toys –If a toy is small enough to fit in a standard toilet paper roll, it can block a child's airway Suffocation –Do not allow infants or children to play with plastic bags, balloons, or drapery cords