1. Cardiac Emergencies and CPR
Chapter 2
Cardiac Emergencies and CPR

2. Heart Disease
Cardiovascular disease – an abnormal condition that affects the heart and blood vessels.
Coronary heart disease – an abnormal condition that affects the arteries that supply blood to person’s heart.

3. Heart Disease
Atherosclerosis – condition in which the arteries that supply blood to the heart harder and narrow due to plaque build up.
Plaque – cholesterol and fatty deposits

4. Common Causes of Heart Disease
Age
Gender
Heredity
Stress
Diabetes
Smoking 
Alcohol Consumption
High blood pressure
High blood cholesterol
Being overweight or obese
Physical inactivity

5. Controlling Risk Factors
Changing One’s Lifestyle
Stop smoking/ Do not start smoking
Change diet
Avoid saturated fats and cholesterol
Exercise regularly

6. Heart Attack
Myocardial Infarction - Death of or damage to part of the heart muscle due to an insufficient blood supply.
The term "heart attack" refers to death of heart muscle tissue due to the loss of blood supply, not necessarily resulting in a cardiac arrest or the death of the heart attack victim.

7. Signs & Symptoms of a Heart Attack
Chest Pain
Chest, shoulder, arm, jaw
Last longer than 3 – 5 minutes or goes away and comes back
Difficulty Breathing
Short of breath
Breathes faster than normal
Skin Appearance
Skin may be moist or sweating profusely
Skin may appear pale or ashen
Signs in Women
Nausea and vomiting
Back and jaw pain
Unexplained fatigue

8. Calling 9-1-1 Victims often deny signals are serious
Do not let this influence your decision to call 9-1-1
Most people who die of a heart attach die within 2 hours of the first signal
9-1-1

9. Care for a Heart Attack Call 9-1-1 Have the person rest comfortably
Loosen any tight clothing
Monitor the person’s condition
Be prepared to perform CPR or use an AED
Do not try to drive the person to the hospital yourself

10. Giving Aspirin to Lessen Heart Attack Damage -
If the person is able to take medicine by mouth ask –
Are you allergic to aspirin
Do you have a stomach ulcer or stomach disease?
Are you taking any blood thinners, such as warfarin?
Have you ever been told by a doctor to avoid taking aspirin?

11. Giving Aspirin to Lessen Heart Attack Damage -
If the person answers NO to all of these questions, you may offer him or her two chewable (81 mg) baby aspirins or one 5 grain (325 mg)adult aspirin with a small amount of water.
You may offer these doses of aspirin if the person regains consciousness while you are giving care and is able to take the aspirin by mouth.

12. Cardiac Arrest
Cardiac arrest is the sudden, abrupt loss of heart function.
Arrhythmias are abnormal, chaotic electrical activity of the heart.
This irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia) causes the heart to suddenly stop beating.
Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib) is the most common life threatening abnormal arrhythmia.

13. Cardiac Chain of Survival For each minute CPR and defibrillation are delayed, the chance of survival is reduced by about 10 percent.
Early recognition and early access
Early CPR
Early defibrillation
Early advanced medical care

14. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
CPR is a method that combines chest compressions and rescue breathing for a victim who is not breathing and has no pulse.
This technique provides oxygenated blood to vital organs until advanced care arrives.
Given together, rescue breaths and compressions help to take over for the heart and lungs.

15. CPR Skill Component Adult Child Infant Hand Position
Two hands in center of chest
Two or three fingers in center of chest (just below nipple line)
Chest Compressions
Rescue Breaths
At least 2 inches
Until chest clearly rises (about 1 second)
About 2 inches
About 1 ½ inches
Cycle
30 compressions
2 breaths
Rate
30 compressions in about 18 seconds
(at least 100 compressions per minutes)

17. If the Chest Does Not Rise with Rescue Breaths
You give a 1 rescue breath and notice the chest does not rise –
Re-tilt the head and before giving the second breath.
If the second breath does not go in the person may be choking.
Give 30 more chest compressions, look for an object and, if seen, remove.
Continue CPR.

18. If Two Responders Are Available
If the 1st responder is tired and needs help, they should tell the second responder to take over.
The 2nd responder should immediately resume CPR, starting with chest compressions.

19. When to stop CPR - The person shows signs of life
An AED becomes available and is ready to use
Another trained responder arrives and takes over
You are too exhausted to continue
The scene becomes unsafe

20. Continuous Chest Compressions (Hands Only CPR)
If you are unable or unwilling to perform full CPR give continuous chest compressions after calling