Warning Coloration: coloration or markings to warn off predators. Warning Coloration: coloration or markings to warn off predators. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Examples: stinger spray skin toxin stinger spray skin toxin Defensive Chemicals: Irritating or poisonous chemicals

You don’t want to camouflage, you want to stand out and be known.

This butterfly tastes horrible to birds and is mildly poisonous,

This butterfly tastes horrible to birds and is mildly poisonous, the other tastes good.

Learn more about mimicry (advanced) at… 1-protective-mimicry-2-aggressive-mimicry-3-conscious-mimicry.html 1-protective-mimicry-2-aggressive-mimicry-3-conscious-mimicry.html

Video Link! (Optional) Warning Coloration –

Short readings and great images to explore at… –National Geographic Readings with Pictures.National Geographic Readings with Pictures.

Symbiosis: A long term relationship between two or more different species. Symbiosis: A long term relationship between two or more different species.

Three types of symbiosis –- Parasitism –- Mutualism –- Commensalism

Parasitism: One organism benefits while the other is harmed. Parasitism: One organism benefits while the other is harmed.

“I’m sick of studying dumb stuff” “Why should I care about studying parasites?”

1 in 3 American suffers in some form from a parasite. –Learn about them to help yourself.

“I’m sorry that I yelled earlier.” “I didn’t know that.”

Caution! Disgusting parasites ahead. –Be prepared to be grossed out. Close your eyes if needed.

Caution! Disgusting parasites ahead. –Be prepared to be grossed out. Close your eyes if needed.

Caution! Disgusting parasites ahead. –Be prepared to be grossed out. Close your eyes if needed.

Parasites damage their host by consuming tissues, and releasing toxins.

Ascaris Infection “Worm Ball” –Removed from 10 year old boy.

Human Intestine post surgery. –This section of the intestine was removed as the worms created a blockage.

Human Intestine post surgery. –This section of the intestine was removed as the worms created a blockage. “I’m a parasitic worm, I have one mission…

Human Intestine post surgery. –This section of the intestine was removed as the worms created a blockage. “I’m a parasitic worm, I have one mission… Don’t Die and make lots of babies…”

Hookworm

Chiggers

Ticks

Bed bugs

Parasitic Wasp and Caterpillar Host – LWyNcAs&list=PL49802F5E8EA511F6https:// LWyNcAs&list=PL49802F5E8EA511F6

Video Link! Optional, Zombie Snail –

Video – Wasp parasite and aphids –Are all parasites bad to humans? – W5Gpkhttp:// W5Gpk

Mosquito –A parasite that carries the malaria parasite. Malaria kills about 1.2 million people every year… Learn more about malaria at…

Video Link! Leeches NOVA podcast (Optional) – Learn more about Annelida at…

The Candiru or toothpick fish sucks blood and can enter any open human orifice.

Video Link! The Candiru – ObIhttp:// ObI

Mistletoe is a common plant parasite

Mutualism: Both organisms benefit. Mutualism: Both organisms benefit.

Look how the majority of the this plants roots are connected to the symbiotic fungi.

Fungus breaks down organic molecules and helps return those nutrients to plants.Fungus breaks down organic molecules and helps return those nutrients to plants.

Cleaning symbiosis: One species gets food and shelter, the other has parasites removed.

Cleaning Symbiosis: Starts 2 minutes in. –

Video Link! Review of Symbiosis –

Video! Caterpillar and Ant defensive mutualism. –

Defensive mutualisms: One species protects the other and gets some benefits for its help.

Video Link (Optional) Ants and defensive mutualisms. – Rm4http:// Rm4

The Sea Anemome and the Clownfish are a mutualism.

–The Anemome gets small scrapes from the clownfish, and the Clownfish gets protection.

Video Link! Bulldozer Shrimp and the Goby. –Defensive, Cleaning / Shelter Building. –

Dispersive mutualisms: One species receives food in exchange for moving the pollen or seeds of its partner.

Pollinator – Insects transfer pollen from one flower to the next, insects gets nectar. Pollinator – Insects transfer pollen from one flower to the next, insects gets nectar.

Pollination – Insects transfer pollen from one flower to the next, insects gets nectar.

“Wow!” “Look how this flower has evolved to be white, and shaped in a way so I can visit it.”

Seed dispersal

Commensalism: One organism benefits while the other doesn’t benefit, or suffer harm. Commensalism: One organism benefits while the other doesn’t benefit, or suffer harm.

The remora just hitches a ride to grab some scraps after the kill.

Gets food scraps, protection, and a free ride.

The remora just hitches a ride to grab some scraps after the kill. Isn’t hurt by the Remora but also doesn’t benefit. Gets food scraps, protection, and a free ride.

The remora just hitches a ride to grab some scraps after the kill. Isn’t hurt by the Remora but also doesn’t benefit. Gets food scraps, protection, and a free ride.

“I’m not a cleaner bird.” “I’m just here for the protection”

“After my nap, can you please feed me…Thanks.”

Coevolution: When two or more species influence each others evolution. Coevolution: When two or more species influence each others evolution.

Animals have special teeth and mouth parts to eat plants.

Ladybugs eat aphids. –-

Ladybugs eat aphids. –They’re vicious predators.

Check out that warning coloration.

Or is it just a mimic?

Crushing mouth parts

Really sharp incisors for snipping plants and cutting through trees.

Have long tongues to avoid dangerous plant ant mutualisms.

Knock trees over / break branches to reach leaves and fruits.

Burrow underground to eat tubers and the roots of the plants. (Naked Mole Rat)

Many animals (living and extinct) swallow stones. The round stones smash plant matter together in the stomach as it rumbles to aid in digestion.

Video Link! Leaf Cutter Ants Multiple Symbiosis (Ants, Fungus, Bacteria) MpxOUhttp:// MpxOU

Four chambered stomachs (many herbivores) –Uses bacteria to break down difficult plant matter.

Herbivores have gut bacteria that help them digest plant matter. The bacteria are fed plants, they grow, and then the cow processes the bacteria.

Take in plant toxins: You are able to eat poisonous plants.

Repair quickly and let them eat the non- essential parts of you.

Mechanical Defenses: Thorns and serrated edges, and sap.

This grass is very sharp and can cut skin easily.

Stinging nettles.

Chemical Defenses such as toxins: Plants become poisonous (nicotine, mustard, caffeine).

Be extremely hard to digest.

Think about celery, then be ten times harder to chew.

You have protective insects, birds, or mammals that attack predators. –You feed your friends a bit (mutualism).