1. SYMBIOSIS

2. Objectives
Understand the interrelationships of predation, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism and give examples of each.
Identify examples of competition for resources, within a species, and among species

3. The Niche
Describes an _________________ use of resources and functional role in a community
Often restricted by ______________
organism’s
competition
A big part of the spiders role is to prey on insects that get trapped in it’s web.

4. Tolerance
survive
The ability to _______________and ________________ under changing environmental conditions
_________________-very restricted tolerance ranges
Can be very _______________in their niche by being very good at the things they do
____________adapt to new conditions very well.
________________organisms with wide tolerance ranges; able to live in a wide array of habitats or use a wide array of resources
Are able to live in many different places and different weather conditions
reproduce
Specialists-
successful
Can’t
Generalists-
Specialists examples: polar bears cant survive outside colder climates.
Generalists example: rats

5. Coevolution
The ____________by which _________ species evolve in response to changes in each other.
A change in one species is usually followed by a change in another.
process
two
A newt evolves toxins that kill animals that prey on it. Some predators will become immune to this toxin. The newt will give off a stronger toxin
Species will continue to develop stronger and stronger “weapons” in response to one another.

6. the act of living together
What is symbiosis?
the act of living together

7. Symbiosis What it means: Two organisms that live together
Temporarily or for a longer time
At least one of the organisms benefits from the relationship

8. What are the different kinds of symbiosis?
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
one organism benefits
one organism benefits
both organisms benefit
one organism is unaffected
one organism is harmed

9. Parasitism and Herbivory (+/–)
______________: One organism (the parasite) ________ on another (the host) for nourishment or for some other benefit
A long lasting and physically close relationship in which at least one organism benefits is called symbiosis.
______________: An animal feeding on a plant
Parasitism
relies
Herbivory

10. Organism One Organism Two
Parasitism
Organism One Organism Two

11. Mutualism (+/+) and Commensalism (+/0)
The humming bird drinks the nectar from the flower, which will allow the flower to continue to produce.
two
more
_______________: a relationship in which ______ or __________species benefit
________________: a relationship in which one species ____________while the other is _________________
Mutualism
Commensalism
benefits
unaffected

12. Organism One Organism Two
Mutualism
Organism One Organism Two

13. Organism One Organism Two
Commensalism
Organism One Organism Two

14. Competition (-/-) compete
Organisms _____________ when they seek the same limited resource.
In rare cases, one species can entirely exclude another from using resources.
To reduce competition, species often partition resources, which can lead to character displacement.

15. Predation (+/–)
The ___________by which a predator hunts, kills, and consumes prey
Causes __________in predatory and prey population sizes
Defensive traits such as camouflage, mimicry, and warning coloration have evolved in response to predator-prey interactions.
Some predator-prey relationships are examples of coevolution
process
cycles

16. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Acacia Plant & Ants
The ants lay eggs on acacia tree so they get a nice safe place for their eggs. The acacia covers the infected area with brown flesh (called a gall.) The plant has to use valuable resources to create the gall.
parasitism
What symbiotic relationship is this?

17. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Anemone & Anemone Fish
This fish lives its entire adult life among the tentacles of a bulb- tentacle sea anemone. Anemone fish do not get stung by the anemone as would most other fish so they get protection from predators. The fish often drop food scraps which the anemones can eat.
mutualism
What symbiotic relationship is this?

18. Emperor Shrimp & Sea Cucumber
This tiny emperor shrimp is riding along on the back of a sea cucumber (a long worm-like starfish relative) while it crawls along a sandy bottom. The shrimp gets to travel around under the protection of its much larger partner, and the sea cucumber doesn't seem to mind.
commensalism
What symbiotic relationship is this?

19. Moray Eel & Cleaner Fish
This moray eel has a small fish cleaning between its teeth. The eel gets a clean mouth while the cleaner fish gets a nice meal.
What symbiotic relationship is this?
mutualism

20. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Shark & Remora
The remora attaches itself to the shark and saves energy since it doesn’t have to swim, and it gets to snack on the sharks kills. The shark doesn’t get anything.
What symbiotic relationship is this?
commensalism

21. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Loa Loa Worm & Human
This worm infects human the blood stream and gets a nice warm safe home there. The human may go blind or have other complications as a result.
What symbiotic relationship is this?
parasitism

22. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Cattle & Cattle Egrets
As these cattle walk around eating grass they stir up lots of insects. The egrets hang around and get a yummy meal of insects.
What symbiotic relationship is this?
commensalism

23. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Clown Fish & Anemone
This clown fish swims in the anemone and gets protection, since its predators will get stung. The anemone is unaffected.
What symbiotic relationship is this?
commensalism

24. What symbiotic relationship is this?
Antelope & Ox Bird
This ox bird hangs out on the antelope and gets a delicious meal of bugs living on the antelope. The antelope gets rid of parasites.
What symbiotic relationship is this?
mutualism

25. Goby and Alpheid Shrimp
This alpheid shrimp (on
the right) uses its strong claws like a bulldozer to create a burrow in the sand. The shrimp is nearly blind. It relies upon its partner, the sharp-eyed goby, to warn of danger. When a potential predator approaches, both animals disappear quickly into the burrow
mutualism
What symbiotic relationship is this?

26. Answer each of following questions on a sheet of lined paper.
Exit Slip
Answer each of following questions on a sheet of lined paper.
What is symbiosis?
What are the different kinds of symbiosis?
Describe one example of each kind of symbiotic relationship.