May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler – Duke University SEM Analysis of Wire from Aging Test #7 at Duke University Jack Fowler

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Module Test Layout

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Duke Wire Samples Analyzed  Xe-CO 2 gas volume u Wire 14 – Production wire with glass joint  Xe-CF 4 -CO 2 gas volume u Wire 19 - Production wire with glass encapsulated joint u Wire 20 - Production wire with polyimide joint u Wire 22 - Production wire with no joint u Wire 23 - Production wire with PEEK joint u Wire 31 – Pre-series wire with no wire joint  None of the wires shown were cleaned prior to installation into chamber Wire analysis Performed at Analytical Instrumentation Facility at North Carolina State University

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 14 Glass Wire Joint  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.5 to 3.0 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Light deposits of Na and Cl

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 19 Glass Encapsulated Wire joint  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.4 to 2.9 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Few deposits

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 20 Polyimide Wire Joint  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.3 to 2.7 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  No visible change

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 14 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2  Glass Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.5 to 3.0 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  No deposits

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 14 Segment 5  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2  Glass Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.5 to 3.0 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 14 Segment 5  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2  Glass Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.5 to 3.0 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Fine Deposits are Na and Cl

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 19 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Glass Encap Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.4 to 2.9 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Large pores  Gold etching and removal

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 19 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Glass Encap Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.4 to 2.9 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Large pores  Gold etching and removal  Notice the loss of surface definition and grain boundaries

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 19 Segment 5  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Glass Encap Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.4 to 2.9 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Large pores  Gold etching and removal

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 19 Segment 5  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Glass Encap Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.4 to 2.9 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Large pores  Gold etching and removal

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 20 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.3 to 2.7 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr Large pores  Gold etching and removal

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 20 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.3 to 2.7 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Large pores  Gold etching and removal  Again loss of surface definition

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 20 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.3 to 2.7 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Area show at 2 kV beam energy

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 20 Segment 5  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.3 to 2.7 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Surface is covered with deposits

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 20 Segment 5  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.3 to 2.7 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Pores in surface  Faint grain boundaries still present  Deposits are mainly Au

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 20 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.3 to 2.7 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Discolored region near wire joint ~700  m

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 20 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.3 to 2.7 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Here is the section where the transition occurs

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 20 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.3 to 2.7 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Very heavy gold damage  This affect was seen on both sides of the wire joint.

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 22 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  No Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.3 to 2.7 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Large pores  Notice large regions where it appears that gold surface is uneven, possibly islands removed

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 22 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  No Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.3 to 2.7 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Large pores  All surfaces appear in the same condition

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 22 Segment 5  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  No Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.3 to 2.7 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Large pores and islands

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 22 Segment 5  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  No Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 2.3 to 2.7 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Large pores

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 23 Segment 3  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  PEEK Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 0.8 to 1.0C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Fine deposits  Grain definition is reduced

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 23 Segment 3  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  PEEK Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 0.8 to 1.0C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Fine deposits  Grain definition is reduced

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 23 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  PEEK Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 0.8 to 1.0C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Fine deposits  Grain definition is reduced

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 23 Segment 5  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  PEEK Wire Joint  Current  A  Charge ~ 0.8 to 1.0C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Fine deposits  Grain definition is reduced

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 31 Segment 4  Wire - thin plated preseries  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Current  A  Charge ~ 1.2 to 1.5 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Large pores  Heavy gold damage

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 31 Segment 7  Wire - thin plated preseries  This region was visibly darkened during removal  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Current  A  Charge ~ 1.2 to 1.5 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Small deposits

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Wire 31 Segment 7  Wire - thin plated preseries  This region was visibly darkened during removal  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Current  A  Charge ~ 1.2 to 1.5 C/cm  Exposed Time ~ 1680 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~ 15cc/hr  Small deposits of F

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire Samples Analyzed  Xe-CO 2 gas volume u Wire 2 – Production wire with polyimide joint  Xe-CF 4 -CO 2 gas volume u Wire 18 - Production wire with no joint u Wire 19 - Production wire with polyimide joint u Wire 39 - Production wire with polyimide joint  None of the wires shown were cleaned prior to installation into chamber Wire analysis Performed at Analytical Instrumentation Facility at North Carolina State University

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 2 Segment 1  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current – 1.4  A  Charge ~ 3.3 C/cm  Exposed Time – 672 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  C deposits

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 2 Segment 1  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current – 1.4  A  Charge ~ 3.3 C/cm  Exposed Time – 672 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  C deposits and Pores  Fine white deposits

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 2 Segment 4  Gas Volume – Xe-CO 2  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current – 1.4  A  Charge ~ 3.3 C/cm  Exposed Time – 672 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  C deposits

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 2 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current – 1.4  A  Charge ~ 3.3 C/cm  Exposed Time – 672 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  Few pores  Good surface grain definition

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 2 Segment 7  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current – 1.4  A  Charge ~ 3.3 C/cm  Exposed Time – 672 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  More C deposits than in earlier segments

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 2 Segment 7  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current – 1.4  A  Charge ~ 3.3 C/cm  Exposed Time – 672 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  More C deposits than in earlier segments  Loss of grain definition from segment 4

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 18 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  No Wire Joint  Current – 1.7  A  Charge ~ 2.4 C/cm  Exposed Time – 408 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  Large C deposits

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 18 Segment 5  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  No Wire Joint  Current – 1.7  A  Charge ~ 2.4 C/cm  Exposed Time – 408 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  Large C deposits  Some large pores

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 18 Segment 5  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  No Wire Joint  Current – 1.7  A  Charge ~ 2.4 C/cm  Exposed Time – 408 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  Some loss of grain definition

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 19 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current – 1.7  A  Charge ~ 4.0 C/cm  Exposed Time – 672 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  C deposits  Some small pores  Surface is smoother than wire 18

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 19 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current – 1.7  A  Charge ~ 4.0 C/cm  Exposed Time – 672 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  Slight decrease in grain definition  Some small pores

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 19 Segment 5  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current – 1.7  A  Charge ~4.0 C/cm  Exposed Time – 672 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  Surface has many small C deposits  Some porosity

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 19 Segment 5  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current – 1.7  A  Charge ~ 4.0 C/cm  Exposed Time – 672 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  Small pores around grain boundaries  Some porosity

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 39 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current – 1.7  A  Charge ~ 4.9 C/cm  Exposed Time – 816 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  Surface smooth in appearance  Many large C deposits

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 39 Segment 4  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current – 1.7  A  Charge ~ 4.9 C/cm  Exposed Time – 816 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  Many C deposits  Loss of grain definition

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 39 Segment 5  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current – 1.7  A  Charge ~ 4.9 C/cm  Exposed Time – 816 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  Surface smooth in appearance  Large C deposits

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP IU Wire 39 Segment 5  Gas Volume - Xe-CO 2 -CF 4  Polyimide Wire Joint  Current – 1.7  A  Charge ~ 4.9 C/cm  Exposed Time – 816 hrs  Target Flow Rate ~15 cc/hr  Surface is smoother  Less grain definition  C deposits

May’02, TRT Workshop Jack Fowler, Duke HEP Summary  It is clear that the wire is damaged in Duke wires and the surface has changed in Indiana wires  Wire damage may be more a function of time exposed to gas as opposed to the amount of accumulated charge u Duke wires have > double the exposure time u IU wires have higher accumulated charge  Xe-CO 2 wire only exhibit small pores on surface  Xe-CF 4 -CO 2 wires show some heavy damage, both Au removal and deposits  There is trace fluorine detected on the surface of the wire