THE NATION AT WAR Chapter 24

Effects of Imperialism: Jingoism Jingoism – extreme patriotism/nationalism in the form of aggressive foreign policy – Use of threats or actual force against other countries to protect what a country sees as its national interests Increased as a result of yellow journalism, social darwinism, powerful navy

Roosevelt Foreign Policy “Roosevelt Corollary”: U.S. would ensure stability of Latin American finance (Dominican Republic) – Extension of Monroe Doctrine Colonialism drew U.S. into international affairs – Roosevelt supported revolution to separate Panama from Colombia (Panama Canal)

Taft and Wilson Foreign Policy Taft and Dollar Diplomacy Taft substituted economic force for military American bankers replaced Europeans in Caribbean Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy Wilson inexperienced in diplomacy Wilson negotiated “cooling- off” treaties settle disputes without war in Latin America – Didn’t work; intervened there more than Roosevelt or Taft

The Neutrality Policy Wilson sympathized with England in WWI, sought U.S. neutrality Progressives saw war as wasteful, irrational Suspicion that business sought war for profit Americans saw little advantage for US in war

The U-Boat Threat U.S. trade with Allies boomed – Allies owed U.S. banks $2 billion by 1917 German submarines (U-boats) violated international law by shooting without warning at all ships 1915: Lusitania sunk by U-Boat – Wilson demanded Germans protect passenger ships and pay for losses May, 1916: Sussex Pledge—Germany pledged to honor U.S. neutrality but didn’t live up to this January, 1917: Zimmerman Note April 6, 1917: War declared on Germany

U.S. Losses to the German Submarine Campaign, 1916–1918

The Great War

Mobilization No U.S. contingency plans for war 200,000 troops at war’s beginning Selective Service Act created draft – Conscripted 2.8 million by war’s end Trench warfare (Western Front)

Over Here Victory on front depended on mobilization at home Wilson consolidated federal authority to organize war production and distribution Wartime laws to repress dissent – Espionage Act – Trading with the Enemy Act – Sedition Act – 1,500 dissenters imprisoned, including Eugene Debs 1918–1919: “Red Scare” resulted in domestic suppression of “radicals” (Bolshevik Revolution)

A Bureaucratic War Cooperation between government and business: – War Industries Board and other agencies supervised production, distribution to maximize war effort – Government seized some businesses to keep them running Business profited from wartime industry

Labor in the War Union membership increased Labor shortage prompted: – Wage increase – Entry of Mexican Americans, women, African Americans to war- related industrial work force Great Migration of African Americans to North (factories)

The Treaty of Versailles Wilson’s Fourteen Points call for non-punitive settlement England and France balked at Fourteen Points – Wanted Germany disarmed and crippled – Want Germany’s colonies – Skeptical of principle of self-determination

The Treaty of Versailles Wilson failed to deflect Allied punishment of Germany in treaty Treaty created Wilson’s League of Nations – Article X of League charter required members to protect each others’ territorial integrity League's jurisdiction excluded member nations’ domestic affairs

Rejection in the Senate William Borah (R-ID) led “irreconcibles” who opposed treaty on any ground Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (R-MA) led “strong reservationists” that demanded major changes, including League of Nations Treaty failed, separate treaty made with Germany Defeat of League of Nations brought defeat of Progressive spirit

The Election of 1920