Chapter 3 Safety and Infection Control Practices Health Care Science Technology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Body Mechanics 3-3 Principles of Body Mechanics Body Mechanics Failure Key Components of Body Mechanics Chapter 3

Principles of Body Mechanics Body alignment depends on the correct positioning of the head, back, and limbs. Chapter 3

Body Mechanics Failure Causes back problems including acute strains, sprains, disc strain and bulge, disc herniation, and fatigue. Prevention is the best cure for back pain. WEAR A BACK SUPPORT! Chapter 3

Key Components of Body Mechanics Keep feet a shoulder-width apart. Always use 2 hands to move someone or something. Face the direction in which you intend to move. Never twist. Avoid unnecessary reaching. Keep your chin up and look straight ahead. Keep your shoulders back. Chapter 3

Key Components of Body Mechanics (cont.) Bend at the hips and knees. Keep your back straight. Keep the object you are lifting close to your body. Exhale when you are lifting or exerting force. Tighten your abdominal muscles. Lift with your legs, not your back. Chapter 3

Key Components of Body Mechanics (cont.) Push, pull, or slide instead of lifting. Pushing is the best technique for moving something large. Use the weight of your body to help you push or pull. Always ask for help whenever needed. Tell the client what you are going to do and ask for the client’s help. Chapter 3

Section 3-3 Apply Your Knowledge What is the most common cause of back pain? Answer: Failure to use proper body mechanics which causes: Acute strains and sprains Disc strains and bulge Disc herniation Fatigue Chapter 3

Principles of Infection 3-5 Chain of Infection Signs and Symptoms of Infection Nosocomial Infections Asepsis Chapter 3

Chain of Infection Chain of infection contains 6 elements. If broken, infection will not occur. Infectious Agent Portal of Exit Reservoir Mode of Transmission Portal of Entry Susceptible Host Chapter 3

Chain of Infection (cont.) Infectious Agent. Microorganisms that normally reside on the skin. Reservoir. Residence of microorganisms. Fomites are nonliving materials that house microorganisms. Chapter 3

Chain of Infection (cont.) Portal of Exit. Respiratory tract. Skin. Blood. Gastrointestinal tract. Mucous membrane. Mode of Transmission. How a pathogen is transmitted. Can be through direct contact or airborne droplet. Hand washing is one of the most effective means of preventing the spread of pathogens. Chapter 3

Chain of Infection (cont.) Portal of Entry. Respiratory tract, mucous membranes, and gastrointestinal tract are common. Damaged skin. Susceptible Host. One that is capable of being infected. Microorganisms must be present in large enough quantity to be virulent. The host must be susceptible. Individuals with an immunity to certain pathogens will not be susceptible. Chapter 3

Signs and Symptoms of Infection Redness Swelling Tenderness Warmth Drainage Chapter 3

Nosocomial Infections Infections acquired at the health care facility. Chapter 3

Asepsis Medical asepsis Surgical asepsis Called “clean technique.” Includes hand washing, personal protective barriers, and routine cleaning of the environment. Surgical asepsis Called “sterile technique.” Only sterile objects can come in contact with sterile objects. Otherwise, they must be considered contaminated. Chapter 3

Section 3-5 Apply Your Knowledge List 5 signs of an infection. Answers: Redness Swelling Tenderness Warmth Drainage Chapter 3

Standard and Transmission-Based Precautions 3-6 Standard Precautions Transmission-Based Precautions Chapter 3

Standard Precautions All blood and body fluids are considered contaminated. Guidelines established by OSHA. Hand washing is vital. Personal protective equipment is necessary. Equipment and procedures depend upon the disease and how it is spread. Chapter 3

Transmission-Based Precautions Prevent spread of highly infectious diseases. Three types of precautions: Airborne. Used for diseases such as tuberculosis, which is spread by airborne droplets. Droplet. Used for diseases such as whooping cough, which is spread by a cough or sneeze. Contact. Used for skin and wound infections, which are transmitted by direct or indirect contact. Chapter 3

Section 3-6 Apply Your Knowledge Name 3 types of transmission-based precautions. Answer: Airborne Droplet Contact Chapter 3

Procedures in Student Text 3A Using a Fire Extinguisher 3B Practicing Proper Body Mechanics 3C Operating a Microscope 3D Hand Washing 3E Donning and Removing Personal Protective Equipment Chapter 3

Chapter 3 Credits Slide 8 Lou Bopp Photography Slide 15 David Young-Wolff/Photo Edit Slide 30 Aaron Haupt Slide 31 Lou Bopp Photography Slide 33 Aaron Haupt Slide 43 Dr. P. Marazzi/SPL/Photo Researchers Chapter 3