2. What can you do to promote the safety of the healthcare workplace?
Essential Question
What can you do to promote the safety of the healthcare workplace?

3. 3 Safety and Infection Control Practices
Demonstrate how safety practices relate to patients.
Explain the importance of body mechanics to workers.
Indicate the five factors that affect microbial growth.
Examine methods used to destroy microorganisms.
Distinguish the parts of a microscope.
Discuss biological agents used for bioterrorism.

4. 3 Safety and Infection Control Practices
Analyze the chain of infection.
Compare common signs and symptoms of infection.
Compare standard and transmission-based precaution guidelines.
Carry out four safety procedures.
Explain the cough etiquette standard.

5. Accidents and Injuries
3.1
Accidents and Injuries
Accidents and Injuries
Governing Agencies
What government agencies oversee safety in the workplace?
Which government agency is concerned with disease prevention?
Preventing Accidents
What are the three general types of accidents?
List what you should wear to protect yourself form hazardous or unknown chemicals.

6. Accidents and Injuries
3.1
Accidents and Injuries
Accidents and Injuries
Safety means freedom from danger, risks, and injury.
Injuries are prevented by preventing accidents.
Report unsafe practices to a charge nurse or supervisor.

7. 3.1 Accidents and Injuries Governing Agencies
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is required to oversee safety in the workplace.
OSHA requires that material safety data sheets (MSDS) be kept on all chemicals handled at a facility.

8. Governing Agencies (cont.)
3.1
Accidents and Injuries
Governing Agencies (cont.)
Manufacturers are required to provide a copy of the MSDS for all products they sell.

9. MDSD GRAPHIC ORGANIZER

10. Governing Agencies (cont.)
3.1
Accidents and Injuries
Governing Agencies (cont.)
The MSDS should contain:
Manufacturer’s name and address.
Safety exposure limits.
Chemical name.
Health hazards.
Flammability level.
Reactivity level.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) required when handling the chemical.
Hazard rating for the chemical.

11. Governing Agencies (cont.)
3.1
Accidents and Injuries
Governing Agencies (cont.)
Failure to maintain properly labeled hazardous materials can result in large fines.
A safety officer may be appointed to oversee continuing education regarding hazardous materials.

12. Governing Agencies (cont.)
3.1
Accidents and Injuries
Governing Agencies (cont.)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed standard safety precautions.
Other governing agencies include:
Individual states
U.S. Department of Public Health
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

13. 3.1 Accidents and Injuries Preventing Accidents
The best way to deal with workplace injuries is to prevent them.
Education is the key to an accident-free facility.
The two main categories of accidents are:
Accidents related to the physical environment and equipment.
Accidents related to patient care.

14. Preventing Accidents (cont.)
3.1
Accidents and Injuries
Preventing Accidents (cont.)
Guidelines for preventing and reacting to accidents and emergencies:
Know the environment, including the location of exits, stairs, fire alarms and extinguishers, call signals, paging systems, and emergency lights.

15. Preventing Accidents (cont.)
3.1
Accidents and Injuries
Preventing Accidents (cont.)
Know the safety policies and procedures for your facility.
Operate only the equipment you are trained to use.
Report accidents, spills, and damaged or malfunctioning equipment immediately.
Do not use frayed or damaged electrical cords or ungrounded equipment.

16. Preventing Accidents (cont.)
3.1
Accidents and Injuries
Preventing Accidents (cont.)
Never use any product that does not have a readable label.
Read all labels at least 3 times before using the product.
Read the MSDS for any product you will be using.
Wear personal protective equipment when handling hazardous or unknown chemicals.
Never mix solutions or chemicals.
Know how to report an accident or obtain emergency assistance.
Use the right side of the hallway and stop at intersections.
Allow others to exit before you enter stairways, doorways, or elevators.

17. Preventing Accidents (cont.)
3.1
Accidents and Injuries
Preventing Accidents (cont.)
Guidelines for patient safety:
Ensure that the patient knows how to operate call signals, emergency call lights, handrails, safety rails, and how to locate the bathroom.
Identify patient and explain a procedure before beginning.
Perform only those procedures for which you have been trained.
Report safety hazards, such as spills, loose carpet, or extremely hot food or drinks.
Be aware of any changes in the patient and report them to your supervisor immediately.
Ensure the privacy, safety, and comfort of your patient.

18. 3.1 What agency enforces the guidelines established by the CDC?
Accidents and Injuries
What agency enforces the guidelines established by the CDC?

19. 3.1 What agency enforces the guidelines established by the CDC?
Accidents and Injuries
What agency enforces the guidelines established by the CDC?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

20. 3.2 Body Mechanics Body Mechanics Principles of Body Mechanics
Body Mechanics Failure
Key Components of Body Mechanics

21. 3.2 Essential Question
How can proper mechanics in standing, sitting, walking, and lifting decrease the strain on the human body?

22. Principles of Body Mechanics
3.2
Body Mechanics
Principles of Body Mechanics
Body alignment depends on the correct positioning of the head, back, and limbs.

23. Body Mechanics Failure
3.2
Body Mechanics
Body Mechanics Failure
WEAR A BACK SUPPORT!
Causes back problems including acute strains, sprains, disc strain and bulge, disc herniation, and fatigue.
Prevention is the best cure for back pain.

24. Key Components of Body Mechanics
3.2
Body Mechanics
Key Components of Body Mechanics
Keep feet about shoulder-width apart.
Use both hands to move someone or something.
Face the direction in which you intend to move. Never twist.
Avoid unnecessary reaching.
Keep your chin up and look straight ahead.
Keep your shoulders back.

25. Key Components of Body Mechanics (cont.)
3.2
Body Mechanics
Key Components of Body Mechanics (cont.)
Bend at the hips and knees.
Keep your back straight.
Keep the object you are lifting close to your body.
Exhale when you are lifting or exerting force.
Tighten your abdominal muscles.
Lift with your legs, not your back.

26. Key Components of Body Mechanics (cont.)
3.2
Body Mechanics
Key Components of Body Mechanics (cont.)
Push, pull, or slide instead of lifting.
Pushing is the best technique for moving something large.
Use the weight of your body to help you push or pull.
Always ask for help whenever needed.
Tell the patient what you are going to do and ask for the patient’s help.

27. 3.2
Body Mechanics
What is the most common cause of back pain?

28. 3.2 What is the most common cause of back pain?
Body Mechanics
What is the most common cause of back pain?
Failure to use proper body mechanics which causes:
Acute strains and sprains
Disc strains and bulge
Disc herniation
Fatigue

29. B C A
Which is good posture?
Explain why the others
are not.

30. What are the pros and cons to
3.3 Basic Microbiology LEQ
What are the pros and cons to
microorganisms and how has the healthcare system adapted to fight them?

31. Basic Microbiology : Concepts
3.3
Basic Microbiology
Basic Microbiology : Concepts
Microorganisms
Factors That Influence Microbial Growth
Methods That Destroy Microorganisms
Types of Microorganisms
Microscopes

32. 3.3
Basic Microbiology
Microbiology: the science that studies the living organisms that cannot be seen to the naked eye
Microscopes are the only way to view the millions of tiny creatures (microorganisms)
Microorganisms are found all most everywhere in the planet
They are also on our skin, in the air we breathe, on every surface we touch, and inside our bodies

33. 3.3
Basic Microbiology
Microorganisms: a microscopic organism; especially a bacterium, virus, or fungus.
Can be referred to as “microbes” or “germs”
Small number are called pathogens and other are harmless (non-pathogens).
The microbes that are harmless benefit humans and the environment.

35. WARM UP OUR BRAIN Just For a GIGGLE 
Which is the process called in which microbes are help food preparation?

36. Factors That Influence Microbial Growth
3.3
Factors That Influence Microbial Growth
Following factors influence microbial growth:
Temperature.
pH, or the values used in chemistry to express the degrees of acidity of a substance.
Food.
Moisture.
Oxygen.

37. Factors That Influence Microbial Growth (cont.)
3.3
Basic Microbiology
Factors That Influence Microbial Growth (cont.)
Aerobic microbes – live only in the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic microbes – grow best in the absence of oxygen.

38. What are some of the items that microbes enjoy other than the ones listed above?
HINT: Read Page 61 for help
1&2
3&4
6&5
7&8
9&10

39. Methods That Destroy Microorganisms
3.3
Methods That Destroy Microorganisms
Antiseptics – solutions applied directly to the skin that prevent or inhibit the growth of pathogens.
Alcohol, Betadine, and Chlorhexidine Glucontate
Disinfection – using strong chemicals, such as bleach to destroy pathogens, usually on objects
Bleach Solution and Zephirin
Irritation or trauma to skin.
Sterilization – the most effective way to destroy all microorganisms.
Autoclave : high pressure steam
Chemicals , Radiation, and Gas

40. Answer the Following: pg. 62

41. Types of Microorganisms
3.3
Types of Microorganisms
Look for the GO in your notes packet

42. Types of Microorganisms
3.3
Types of Microorganisms
Bacteria
One-celled microorganisms that are classified according to their shape and arrangement.
Some may produce spores
Spores will go dormant until conditions are favorable for growth
Some spores may be environmentally resistant.

45. Types of Microorganisms (cont.)
3.3
Basic Microbiology
Types of Microorganisms (cont.)
Fungi
A plantlike organism that lives on dead matter.
Cause conditions such as ringworm, athlete’s foot, yeast infections, and thrush (pictured).
Protozoa
Tiny animals found in contaminated water.
Cause diseases such as malaria, trichomoniasis, and amebic dysentery.

46. Types of Microorganisms (cont.)
3.3
Basic Microbiology
Types of Microorganisms (cont.)
Viruses
Smallest of all microorganisms.
Live inside cells.
Spread by contact with blood and other body fluids.
Difficult to destroy.
Associated with diseases such as the common cold, chicken pox, herpes, hepatitis B, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

47. Types of Microorganisms (cont.)
3.3
Basic Microbiology
Types of Microorganisms (cont.)
Rickettsiae
Parasites that live inside the cells of other living organisms.
Transmitted to humans by fleas, lice, and ticks.
Cause diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

48. 3.3 Basic Microbiology Microscopes Parts of a Microscope
Lens. Magnifies objects and is located in the eyepiece.
Objective. Attached to the revolving nosepiece and yields a different magnifying capability.
Base. Contains the light source.
Mechanical stage. Holds slides.
Iris diaphragm. Controls the light.
Coarse adjustment knob. Brings specimens into view.
Fine adjustment knob. Provides clearer focus.

50. 3.3
Basic Microbiology

51. 3.3 Basic Microbiology Microscopes (cont.) Care of the Microscope
Use lens paper to clean the objectives and eyepieces.
Clean oil immersion objective immediately after use to prevent oil buildup.
Store covered in a safe place, with the shortest objective in the lowest position.

52. 3.3
Basic Microbiology
What is the most effective method for destroying all microorganisms?

53. 3.3
Basic Microbiology
What is the most effective method for destroying all microorganisms?
Sterilization.

54. Principles of Infection
3.4
Principles of Infection
Principles of Infection
Chain of Infection
Signs and Symptoms of Infection
Asepsis

55. 3.4 Principles of Infection Chain of Infection
Infectious Agent
Portal of Exit
Reservoir
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Susceptible Host
Chain of infection contains 6 elements. If broken, infection will not occur.

56. Chain of Infection (cont.)
3.4
Principles of Infection
Chain of Infection (cont.)
Infectious Agent. Microorganisms that normally reside on the skin.
Reservoir. Residence of microorganisms.
Fomites are nonliving materials that house microorganisms.

57. Chain of Infection (cont.)
3.4
Principles of Infection
Chain of Infection (cont.)
Portal of Exit
Respiratory tract
Skin
Blood or other body fluids
Gastrointestinal tract
Mucous membrane
Mode of Transmission
How a pathogen is transmitted
Can be through direct contact or airborne droplet
Hand washing is one of the most effective means of preventing the spread of pathogens.

58. Chain of Infection (cont.)
3.4
Principles of Infection
Chain of Infection (cont.)
Portal of Entry
Respiratory tract, mucous membranes, and gastrointestinal tract are common.
Damaged skin.
Susceptible Host
One that is capable of being infected.
Microorganisms must be present in large enough quantity to be virulent.
The host must be susceptible.
Individuals with an immunity to certain pathogens will not be susceptible.

59. Signs and Symptoms of Infection
3.4
Principles of Infection
Signs and Symptoms of Infection
Redness
Swelling
Tenderness
Warmth
Drainage

60. 3.4 Principles of Infection Asepsis
Nosocomial infections are infections acquired at the healthcare facility.

61. 3.4 Principles of Infection Asepsis Medical asepsis Surgical asepsis
Called “clean technique.”
Includes hand washing, personal protective barriers, and routine cleaning of the environment.
Surgical asepsis
Called “sterile technique.”
Only sterile objects can come in contact with sterile objects. Otherwise, they must be considered contaminated.

62. 3.4
Principles of Infection
List 5 signs of an infection.

63. 3.4 List 5 signs of an infection. Redness Swelling Tenderness Warmth
Principles of Infection
List 5 signs of an infection.
Redness
Swelling
Tenderness
Warmth
Drainage

64. Standard and Transmission-Based Precautions
3.5
Standard and Transmission- Based Precautions
Standard and Transmission-Based Precautions
Standard Precautions
Transmission-Based Precautions

65. 3.5 Standard and Transmission- Based Precautions Standard Precautions
All blood and body fluids are considered contaminated.
Guidelines established by OSHA.
Hand washing is vital.
Personal protective equipment is necessary.
Equipment and procedures depend upon the disease and how it is spread.

66. Transmission-Based Precautions
3.5
Standard and Transmission- Based Precautions
Transmission-Based Precautions
Prevent spread of highly infectious diseases.
Three types of precautions:
Airborne. Used for diseases such as tuberculosis, which is spread by airborne droplets.
Droplet. Used for diseases such as whooping cough, which is spread by a cough or sneeze.
Contact. Used for skin and wound infections, which are transmitted by direct or indirect contact.

67. 3.5 Name 3 types of transmission-based precautions.
Standard and Transmission- Based Precautions
Name 3 types of transmission-based precautions.

68. 3.5 Name 3 types of transmission-based precautions. Airborne Droplet
Standard and Transmission- Based Precautions
Name 3 types of transmission-based precautions.
Airborne
Droplet
Contact

69. End of