1. Chapter 3 Safety and Infection Control Practices
Health Care Science Technology
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. Objectives
Summarize the role of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the health care workplace.
State how safety practices are related to the safety of clients.
Summarize fire prevention and fire safety practices.
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3. Objectives (cont.)
Demonstrate the appropriate response to an emergency fire situation.
Explain why good body mechanics are necessary for health care employees.
Identify the five factors that affect microbial growth.
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4. Objectives (cont.) List the methods used to destroy microorganisms.
Label the parts of a microscope.
Relate the characteristics of the five types of microorganisms.
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5. Objectives (cont.) Trace the chain of infection.
Identify common signs and symptoms of infection.
Name standard and transmission-based precaution guidelines.
Successfully complete 5 safety procedures.
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6. Accidents and Injuries 3-1
Prevention
Governing Agencies
Preventing Accidents
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7. Accidents and Injuries
Safety means freedom from danger, risks, and injury.
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8. Prevention Injuries are prevented by preventing accidents.
Report unsafe practices to a charge nurse or supervisor.
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9. Governing Agencies
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is required to oversee safety in the workplace.
OSHA requires that material safety data sheets (MSDS) be kept on all chemicals handled at a facility.
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10. Governing Agencies (cont.)
Manufacturers are required to provide a copy of the MSDS for all products they sell.
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11. Governing Agencies (cont.)
The MSDS should contain:
Manufacturer’s name and address.
Safety exposure limits.
Chemical name.
Health hazards.
Flammability level.
Reactivity level.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) required when handling the chemical.
Hazard rating for the chemical.
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12. Governing Agencies (cont.)
Failure to maintain properly labeled hazardous materials can result in large fines.
A safety officer may be appointed to oversee continuing education regarding hazardous materials.
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13. Governing Agencies (cont.)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed standard safety precautions.
Other governing agencies include:
Individual states.
U.S. Department of Public Health.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
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14. Preventing Accidents
The best way to deal with workplace injuries is to prevent them.
Education is the key to an accident-free facility.
The two main categories of accidents are:
Accidents related to the physical environment and equipment.
Accidents related to client care.
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15. Preventing Accidents (cont.)
Guidelines for preventing and reacting to accidents and emergencies:
Know the environment, including the location of exits, stairs, fire alarms and extinguishers, call signals, paging systems, and emergency lights.
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16. Preventing Accidents (cont.)
Know the safety policies and procedures for your facility.
Operate only the equipment you are trained to use.
Report accidents, spills, and damaged or malfunctioning equipment immediately.
Do not use frayed or damaged electrical cords or ungrounded equipment.
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17. Preventing Accidents (cont.)
Never use any product that does not have a readable label.
Read all labels at least 3 times before using the product.
Read the MSDS for any product you will be using.
Wear personal protective equipment when handling hazardous or unknown chemicals.
Never mix solutions or chemicals.
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18. Preventing Accidents (cont.)
Know how to report an accident or obtain emergency assistance.
Use the right side of the hallway and stop at intersections.
Allow others to exit before you enter stairways, doorways, or elevators.
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19. Preventing Accidents (cont.)
Guidelines for client safety:
Ensure that the client knows how to operate call signals, emergency call lights, handrails, safety rails, and how to locate the bathroom.
Identify client and explain a procedure before beginning.
Perform only those procedures for which you have been trained.
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20. Preventing Accidents (cont.)
Report safety hazards, such as spills, loose carpet, or extremely hot food or drinks.
Be aware of any changes in the client and report them to your supervisor immediately.
Ensure the privacy, safety, and comfort of your client.
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21. Section 3-1 Apply Your Knowledge
What agency enforces the guidelines established by the CDC?
Answer:
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
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22. Fire Safety 3-2 Types of Extinguishers How to Use a Fire Extinguisher
When a Fire Emergency Occurs
Emergency Fire Rules
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23. Types of Extinguishers
5 types are available, with ABC being the most common.
Table 3-1 Fire Extinguishers
Class
A (Water)
B (Carbon dioxide)
C (K bicarbonate) D
ABC (Chemical)
Common combustibles
Flammable liquids
Electrical
Combustible metals (magnesium)
All ABC fires
Application
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24. How to Use a Fire Extinguisher
Remember the key word PASS:
P = Pull the pin.
A = Aim at the base of the fire.
S = Squeeze handle.
S = Sweep nozzle from side to
side to displace oxygen away
from the fire.
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25. When a Fire Emergency Occurs
Remember the key word RACE:
R = Rescue.
A = Alarm. Assign someone to
pull the alarm.
C = Contain. Close the windows
and doors.
E = Evacuate.
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26. Emergency Fire Rules Be prepared! Know your responsibilities.
Know when and how to evacuate.
Know where the fire alarms are located and how to activate them.
Keep fire extinguishers in plain view and readily accessible.
3rd Floor Plan
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27. Emergency Fire Rules (cont.)
Keep areas uncluttered.
Evacuate ambulatory clients first, then the wheel-chair bound, then the bed-bound.
If possible, never leave a client alone in a fire emergency.
Never use an elevator in a fire situation.
Never open windows.
Never open a door that feels hot.
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28. Section 3-2 Apply Your Knowledge
How should you operate a fire extinguisher?
Answer:
P = Pull the pin.
A = Aim at the base of the fire.
S = Squeeze handle.
S = Sweep nozzle from side to side to displace oxygen away from the fire.
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29. Body Mechanics 3-3 Principles of Body Mechanics Body Mechanics Failure
Key Components of Body Mechanics
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30. Principles of Body Mechanics
Body alignment depends on the correct positioning of the head, back, and limbs.
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31. Body Mechanics Failure
Causes back problems including acute strains, sprains, disc strain and bulge, disc herniation, and fatigue.
Prevention is the best cure for back pain.
WEAR A BACK SUPPORT!
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32. Key Components of Body Mechanics
Keep feet a shoulder-width apart.
Always use 2 hands to move someone or something.
Face the direction in which you intend to move. Never twist.
Avoid unnecessary reaching.
Keep your chin up and look straight ahead.
Keep your shoulders back.
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33. Key Components of Body Mechanics (cont.)
Bend at the hips and knees.
Keep your back straight.
Keep the object you are lifting close to your body.
Exhale when you are lifting or exerting force.
Tighten your abdominal muscles.
Lift with your legs, not your back.
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34. Key Components of Body Mechanics (cont.)
Push, pull, or slide instead of lifting.
Pushing is the best technique for moving something large.
Use the weight of your body to help you push or pull.
Always ask for help whenever needed.
Tell the client what you are going to do and ask for the client’s help.
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35. Section 3-3 Apply Your Knowledge
What is the most common cause of back pain?
Answer:
Failure to use proper body mechanics which causes:
Acute strains and sprains
Disc strains and bulge
Disc herniation
Fatigue
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36. Basic Microbiology 3-4 Nature of Microorganisms
Factors That Influence Microbial Growth
Methods That Destroy Microorganisms
Types of Microorganisms
Microscopes
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37. Nature of Microorganisms
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease.
Non-pathogens are microorganisms that do not cause disease.
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38. Factors That Influence Microbial Growth
Following factors influence microbial growth:
Temperature.
pH, or the values used in chemistry to express the degrees of acidity of a substance.
Food.
Moisture.
Oxygen.
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39. Factors That Influence Microbial Growth (cont.)
Aerobic microbes – live only in the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic microbes – grow best in the absence of oxygen.
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40. Methods That Destroy Microorganisms
Antiseptics – solutions applied directly to the skin that prevent or inhibit the growth of pathogens.
Disinfection – using strong chemicals, such as bleach to destroy pathogens, usually on objects, not skin.
Sterilization – the most effective way to destroy all microorganisms.
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41. Types of MicroorganismsB. C. D. E. F. G. H. I.
Bacteria
One-celled microorganisms that are classified according to their shape and arrangement.
Cause diseases such as strep throat, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. (Table 3-4)
Some bacteria produce spores, which help them reproduce.
Name the microorganisms A to I. Click HERE to see answers.
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42. Types of Microorganisms (Answers)
A. Streptococci
B. Staphylococci
C. Diplococci
D. Micrococci
E. Flagellated forms
F. Bacilli
G. Vibrios
H. Spirilla
I. Spirochetes
BACK
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43. Types of Microorganisms (cont.)
Fungi
A plantlike organism that lives on dead matter.
Cause conditions such as ringworm, athlete’s foot, yeast infections, and thrush.
Protozoa
Tiny animals found in contaminated water.
Cause diseases such as malaria, trichomoniasis, and amebic dysentery.
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44. Types of Microorganisms (cont.)
Rickettsiae
Parasites that live inside the cells of other living organisms.
Transmitted to humans by fleas, lice, and ticks.
Cause diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
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45. Types of Microorganisms (cont.)
Viruses
Smallest of all microorganisms.
Live inside cells.
Spread by contact with blood and other body fluids.
Difficult to destroy.
Associated with diseases such as the common cold, chicken pox, herpes, hepatitis B, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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46. Microscopes Parts of a Microscope
Lens. Magnifies objects and is located in the eyepiece.
Objective. Attached to the revolving nosepiece and yields a different magnifying capability.
Base. Contains the light source.
Mechanical stage. Holds slides.
Iris diaphragm. Controls the light.
Coarse adjustment knob. Brings specimens into view.
Fine adjustment knob. Provides clearer focus.
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47. Name the parts of this MICROSCOPE.5.
Eyepieces 6.
Nosepiece 7.
Objectives 1.
Arm 8.
Slide Clips 9.
Stage
10.
Condenser
11.
Iris 2.
Fine Adjustment 3.
Coarse Adjustment
12.
Light Source 4.
Base
Click the Page Down button to see answers.
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48. Microscopes (cont.) Care of the Microscope
Use lens paper to clean the objectives and eyepieces.
Clean oil immersion objective immediately after use to prevent oil buildup.
Store covered in a safe place, with the shortest objective in the lowest position.
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49. Section 3-4 Apply Your Knowledge
How should a microscope be stored?
Answer:
Covered in a safe location, with the shortest objective in the lowest position.
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50. Principles of Infection 3-5
Chain of Infection
Signs and Symptoms of Infection
Nosocomial Infections
Asepsis
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51. Chain of Infection
Chain of infection contains 6 elements. If broken, infection will not occur.
Infectious Agent
Portal of Exit
Reservoir
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Susceptible Host
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52. Chain of Infection (cont.)
Infectious Agent. Microorganisms that normally reside on the skin.
Reservoir. Residence of microorganisms.
Fomites are nonliving materials that house microorganisms.
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53. Chain of Infection (cont.)
Portal of Exit.
Respiratory tract.
Skin.
Blood.
Gastrointestinal tract.
Mucous membrane.
Mode of Transmission.
How a pathogen is transmitted.
Can be through direct contact or airborne droplet.
Hand washing is one of the most effective means of preventing the spread of pathogens.
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54. Chain of Infection (cont.)
Portal of Entry.
Respiratory tract, mucous membranes, and gastrointestinal tract are common.
Damaged skin.
Susceptible Host.
One that is capable of being infected.
Microorganisms must be present in large enough quantity to be virulent.
The host must be susceptible.
Individuals with an immunity to certain pathogens will not be susceptible.
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55. Signs and Symptoms of Infection
Redness
Swelling
Tenderness
Warmth
Drainage
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56. Nosocomial Infections
Infections acquired at the health care facility.
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57. Asepsis Medical asepsis Surgical asepsis Called “clean technique.”
Includes hand washing, personal protective barriers, and routine cleaning of the environment.
Surgical asepsis
Called “sterile technique.”
Only sterile objects can come in contact with sterile objects. Otherwise, they must be considered contaminated.
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58. Section 3-5 Apply Your Knowledge
List 5 signs of an infection.
Answers:
Redness
Swelling
Tenderness
Warmth
Drainage
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59. Standard and Transmission-Based Precautions 3-6
Standard Precautions
Transmission-Based Precautions
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60. Standard Precautions
All blood and body fluids are considered contaminated.
Guidelines established by OSHA.
Hand washing is vital.
Personal protective equipment is necessary.
Equipment and procedures depend upon the disease and how it is spread.
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61. Transmission-Based Precautions
Prevent spread of highly infectious diseases.
Three types of precautions:
Airborne. Used for diseases such as tuberculosis, which is spread by airborne droplets.
Droplet. Used for diseases such as whooping cough, which is spread by a cough or sneeze.
Contact. Used for skin and wound infections, which are transmitted by direct or indirect contact.
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62. Section 3-6 Apply Your Knowledge
Name 3 types of transmission-based precautions.
Answer:
Airborne
Droplet
Contact
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63. Procedures in Student Text
3A Using a Fire Extinguisher
3B Practicing Proper Body Mechanics
3C Operating a Microscope
3D Hand Washing
3E Donning and Removing Personal Protective Equipment
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64. Chapter 3 Credits Slide 8 Lou Bopp Photography
Slide 15 David Young-Wolff/Photo Edit
Slide 30 Aaron Haupt
Slide 31 Lou Bopp Photography
Slide 33 Aaron Haupt
Slide 43 Dr. P. Marazzi/SPL/Photo Researchers
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