Ideologies and Upheavals: Europe in the “Age of Metternich”

Europe After Napoleon Congress of Vienna – Legitimacy, Compensation, “Balance of Power” Congress of Vienna – Legitimacy, Compensation, “Balance of Power” Enforced through Congress System and Holy Alliance (mostly E.E.) Enforced through Congress System and Holy Alliance (mostly E.E.) Main goals: Main goals: Promote Conservatism (autocratic monarchies, rights of aristocracy) Promote Conservatism (autocratic monarchies, rights of aristocracy) Resist Liberalism (French Revolution) Resist Liberalism (French Revolution) Resist Nationalism (threat to existing order) Resist Nationalism (threat to existing order)

CONSERVATISM Desired to preserve the “old order” Desired to preserve the “old order” Believed in order, society, faith, and tradition Believed in order, society, faith, and tradition Reaction to Liberalism of American & French Revolution Reaction to Liberalism of American & French Revolution Supported by aristocracy and peasants Supported by aristocracy and peasants Edmund Burke – Reflections on the Revolution in France – defended old order against tumult of revolutions Edmund Burke – Reflections on the Revolution in France – defended old order against tumult of revolutions

CONSERVATISM Best exemplified by Metternich – “Age of Metternich” Best exemplified by Metternich – “Age of Metternich” Concerned with multi- ethnic character of Austrian Empire Concerned with multi- ethnic character of Austrian Empire Feared nationalism and liberalism would tear Hapsburg Empire apart Feared nationalism and liberalism would tear Hapsburg Empire apart Carlsbad Decrees (1819) for German Confederation Carlsbad Decrees (1819) for German Confederation

LIBERALISM Desired to promote individual freedom and well-being – “Classical liberalism” Desired to promote individual freedom and well-being – “Classical liberalism” Reformers, not revolutionaries – supported by middle class Reformers, not revolutionaries – supported by middle class Believed in natural rights (Locke), guaranteed by written constitutions (Dec. of Ind., Dec. of Rights of Man) Believed in natural rights (Locke), guaranteed by written constitutions (Dec. of Ind., Dec. of Rights of Man) Advocated laissez-faire capitalism (Smith) – individual choice (“invisible hand” of the market) – opposed unions Advocated laissez-faire capitalism (Smith) – individual choice (“invisible hand” of the market) – opposed unions

LIBERALISM Wanted representative governments, but NOT democracy Wanted representative governments, but NOT democracy Wanted to keep vote in hands of landowners, businessmen, middle class – keep workers, peasants, and lower middle classes from voting Wanted to keep vote in hands of landowners, businessmen, middle class – keep workers, peasants, and lower middle classes from voting Not as radical as democrats and republicans, but could work together to oppose conservatism Not as radical as democrats and republicans, but could work together to oppose conservatism

LIBERALISM Utilitarianism – the utility of any law or institution should be “the greatest good for the greatest number of people” – Jeremy Bentham, British philosopher/reformer Utilitarianism – the utility of any law or institution should be “the greatest good for the greatest number of people” – Jeremy Bentham, British philosopher/reformer John Stuart Mill – On Liberty (1859) – argued for “absolute freedom of opinion”, against government tyranny and censorship John Stuart Mill – On Liberty (1859) – argued for “absolute freedom of opinion”, against government tyranny and censorship

NATIONALISM Desired to turn cultural unity into self- government Desired to turn cultural unity into self- government Believed common language, history, and traditions would bring about unity Believed common language, history, and traditions would bring about unity Supported by liberals, especially radical democrats Supported by liberals, especially radical democrats Grew out of resistance to Napoleon Grew out of resistance to Napoleon Threat to multi-ethnic empires like Austria, Russia, and Ottoman Empire Threat to multi-ethnic empires like Austria, Russia, and Ottoman Empire Force of unity for divided German and Italian states Force of unity for divided German and Italian states

NATIONALISM Johann Gottfried Herder – “father of modern nationalism” Johann Gottfried Herder – “father of modern nationalism” Volksgeist – “national spirit” - distinct national character of a people Volksgeist – “national spirit” - distinct national character of a people All nations should be sovereign and contain all members of the same nationality – all nations equal, none superior All nations should be sovereign and contain all members of the same nationality – all nations equal, none superior Johann Gottlieb Fichte – “father of German nationalism” Johann Gottlieb Fichte – “father of German nationalism” “Address to the German Nation” (1808) – encouraged German patriotism, anti- Semitism “Address to the German Nation” (1808) – encouraged German patriotism, anti- Semitism

SOCIALISM Desired to reorganize society to establish sense of cooperation and community Desired to reorganize society to establish sense of cooperation and community Believed liberalism and capitalism promoted selfishness and fragmentation of society Believed liberalism and capitalism promoted selfishness and fragmentation of society Wanted system of greater economic equality, planned by government (anti- laissez faire) Wanted system of greater economic equality, planned by government (anti- laissez faire) Supported mostly by working class Supported mostly by working class Origins in France Origins in France

UTOPIAN SOCIALISM Count Henri de Saint-Simon – Industrialization and science would lead to ‘golden age’ for Europe Count Henri de Saint-Simon – Industrialization and science would lead to ‘golden age’ for Europe “Parasites” give way to the “doers” to improve society – benefits to all, especially the poor “Parasites” give way to the “doers” to improve society – benefits to all, especially the poor Charles Fourier – wanted planned economy and socialist communities – highly mathematical Charles Fourier – wanted planned economy and socialist communities – highly mathematical Early proponent of women’s rights Early proponent of women’s rights

UTOPIAN SOCIALISM Louis Blanc – urged workers to fight for rights by peacefully taking control of government Louis Blanc – urged workers to fight for rights by peacefully taking control of government Government should ensure full employment through workshops and factories Government should ensure full employment through workshops and factories Pierre Joseph Proudhon – What is Property? (1840) Pierre Joseph Proudhon – What is Property? (1840) Property was profit stolen from worker, the source of all wealth (idea later used by Marx) Property was profit stolen from worker, the source of all wealth (idea later used by Marx) Feared power of state – often considered an anarchist Feared power of state – often considered an anarchist

MARXISM “Scientific Socialism” – had a profound impact on Europe in 19 th and 20 th centuries “Scientific Socialism” – had a profound impact on Europe in 19 th and 20 th centuries Developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels – The Communist Manifesto (1848) – blueprint for militant working class success Developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels – The Communist Manifesto (1848) – blueprint for militant working class success Based on: Based on: Economic interpretation of history – mostly who controls means of production Economic interpretation of history – mostly who controls means of production Class struggle between rich and poor Class struggle between rich and poor Labor is true value of a product – stolen by capitalists Labor is true value of a product – stolen by capitalists

MARXISM Atheistic philosophy Atheistic philosophy Felt socialism was inevitable course of history Felt socialism was inevitable course of history Believed proletariat would rise up and overthrow bourgeoisie Believed proletariat would rise up and overthrow bourgeoisie Create a “dictatorship of the proletariat” - a classless society and an end to capitalism Create a “dictatorship of the proletariat” - a classless society and an end to capitalism “From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs” “From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs”