1. The “ism”
Ideologies developed and took root throughout society as a response to industrial and political revolutions of the 19th century.

2. Liberalism
Liberalism emphasized popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest but debated the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance
Jeremy Bentham
John Stuart Mill
Great Reform Bill of 1832
Anti-Corn Law League
Political liberalism
constitutional government
equality before the law
civil liberties
Only Britain and France by 1815 had liberal governments
Second strand was economic liberalism, or laissez-faire capitalism
which defended the free market
opposed all hindrances to its operation whether unions or monopolies
rejected mercantilism
demanded the governments leave the economy alone to operate on its own laws

3. Radicalism/Republicanism
Radicals in Britain and republicans on the continent demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to wealth and property ownership
Jacksonian Democracy
Chartists
Flora Tristan
Some argued that such rights should be extended to women

4. Conservativism
Conservatives developed a new ideology in support of traditional political and religious authorities, which was based on the idea that human nature was not perfectible so sociopolitical “betters” were needed to maintain order and continuity.
Edmund Burke
Joseph de Maistre
Klemons von Metternich

5. Socialism
Socialism called for a fair distribution of society’s resources and wealth and evolved from a utopian to a Marxists scientific critique of capitalism.
Henri de Saint-Simon
Charles Fourier
Robert Owen
Louis Blanc
Friedrich Engels
Karl Marx

6. Anarchism
Anarchists asserted that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation.
Joseph Proudhon
Mikhail Bakunin

7. Nationalism
Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation in a variety of ways, including romantic idealism, liberal reform, political unification, racialism, and chauvinism justifying national aggrandizement
J. G. Fichte
Grimm Brothers
Giuseppe Mazzini
Generally, nationalism can take two different forms
Nationalism as loyalty to an existing state - patriotism
Nationalism as liberation – the desire to create a new state based on identities, whether religious, ethnic, cultural, or linguistic.