1 Introduction to Anatomy

Introduction to Anatomy Anatomy is a science that studies the structures that make up the human body. It describes these structures by using special language (terminology). 2

ANATOMICAL POSITION  The anatomical terms always refer to a standard anatomical position.  The standard anatomical position is: the body is erect with the feet parallel. the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward. 3

ANATOMICAL TERMS  The anatomical terminology is a set of terms that allow body structures to be located and identified clearly.  Examples: Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal) Lateral Medial 4

REGIONAL TERMS  These are terms related to the different regions of the body.  Example:  Head  Neck  Thorax  Abdomen and pelvis  Limbs 5

BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS  For the study of the human body it is necessary to make imaginary sections (cuts), along an imaginary line called a plane.  There are three types of sections or planes, they are at right angle to each other.  A sagittal section is a cut made longitudinally, dividing the body into right and left parts.  If the cut is made down the median plane of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size, it is called a midsagittal, or median section. 6

BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS  A frontal section is a cut made that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. It is also called a coronal section.  A transverse section is a cut made along a horizontal plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. It is also called a cross section. 7

8 DIRECTIONAL TERMS

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BODY CAVITIES  The human body has two sets of internal cavities.  They provide protection to the organs within them. 10

DORSAL BODY CAVITY  The dorsal body cavity has two subdivisions, which are continuous with each other.  The cranial cavity is the space inside the bony skull, contains the brain.  The spinal cavity extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column, contains the spinal cord. 11

VENTRAL BODY CAVITY  The ventral body cavity is much larger.  It contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen.  The ventral body cavity is subdivided.  The superior thoracic cavity is separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome-shaped muscle, the diaphragm.  It contains, lungs, heart, and other visceral organs, it is protected by the rib cage.  Its central region is called the mediastinum 12

VENTRAL BODY CAVITY  The cavity inferior to the diaphragm is the abdominopelvic cavity.  It is subdivided it into:  a superior abdominal cavity, containing the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs, and  an inferior pelvic cavity, with the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum. 13

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC SURFACE  The abdominopelvic surface and cavity can be subdivided into 4 quadrants:  Right upper  Left upper  Right lower  Left lower 14

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC SURFACE  It can be subdivided also into 9 regions:  Right hypochondriac  Epigastric  Left hypochondriac  Right lumbar  Umbilical  Left lumbar  Right iliac  Hypogastric  Left iliac 15

16 ORGAN SYSTEMS

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22 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM INCLUDES: bones bones joints joints cartilages cartilages ligaments ligaments THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

23 SKELETON The human skeleton (all the bones) consists of 206 bones.

24 SKELETON The human skeleton is divided in 2 parts: axial skeleton (the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body) and appendicular skeleton (the bones of the limbs and girdles)

25 SKELETON Axial skeleton; Axial skeleton;  Skull  Vertebral column  Sternum and ribs Appendicular skeleton; Appendicular skeleton;  Bones of the upper limb  Bones of the lower limb

26 CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

27 TYPES OF BONE TISSUE There are 2 types of bone tissue: Spongy Compact