U.S. Wind power since 1995 From EIA website Annual Energy Report: % annual growth DATA FIT

Hubbert Curve H&K fig Exponential extrapolation World Coal Production Curve Data Finite resource -> Final answer is 0 Exponential growth CANNOT be sustained in a World of FINITE resources!!

Energy Conversions (Table 2.2) Automatically Happens! digestion thermal A key question to consider is with what EFFICIENCY can each of these Conversions be accomplished (Useful energy output/ total energy input)

Inside a Nuclear Power Plant

Seoinchon (?) Power plant: 57% i.e. for every 1000J of energy that comes into the plant (as natural gas), only 570 J, or only a bit more than half, goes out as useful electricity. In the next chapter, we will see that conversions on down the line are also less than 100% efficient. Conventional power plants may be closer to only 35%-40% efficient!

Energy Losses in a Car NOTE: only 13% gets to the wheels and ALL of that goes to thermal energy (eventually) See also:

H&K Car Energy Losses

CAFE standards (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) From the D.O.T.

CAFE performance standard

ITAIPU (Brazil/Paraguay)

ITAIPU (Brazil/Paraguay) 18 turbines, each producing roughly 715 MW 12.9 GW total output! (700 m 3 /s, effective height ~110m for each turbine)

LA Water&Power 2006 IR-plan

LA Water&Power 2006 IR-plan

Residential Electric Power Bill $145.6/1948 kWh = $0.0747/kWh

Commercial Power Costs Energy cost estimates for a project out at IUCF: use (i.e. energy) charge: $3105/(360hr*575kW)=$0.0147/kWh peak use (i.e. maximum power demand) charge: $13.11/kW Why is this different from the residential calculation?

Not all hybrids are created equal!

Car Weight vs. Time

Gas taxes in different countries