Chapter 20.1 Diversity of Fungi

FUNGI

FUNGI COMMON FUNGI EXAMPLES: Mushrooms, yeasts, molds, morels, bracket fungi, puff balls

Key Concepts: Fungi are heterotrophs Fungi are the decomposers Fungi use extracellular digestion – when enzymes are secreted outside of their body to digest food Most fungi are multicellular Fungal spores develop from hyphae Many fungi are symbionts with other organisms

Characteristics of Fungi Multicellular Plant looking Mushrooms, molds Single cell Yeasts Found in soil, on plants, in humans Bread, beer, wine Cause yeast infections in humans Yeast

3 Major Features 1.Cell walls Made of Chitin The same stuff that makes insects’ exoskeleton.

2. Hyphae The basic structure of fungi. Long, thread-like chains of cells. Grow at the tips and branch… Mycelium – mass of hyphae

3. Cross-walls The wall that divides cells “septum”

FUNGI FRUITING BODY Visible part Contains spore producing structures Like a mushroom cap Button

Fungi Nutrition 3 ways fungi absorb nutrition: Saprophytic – feed on dead matter Example – bracket fungi Parasitic - feed on living organisms and only the parasite benefits from the relationship Example - ringworm Mutualistic – both organisms benefit from the relationship Example - mycorrhizae

Fungi Reproduction 3 kinds of fungi reproduction: Budding Fragmentation Spore production

Sporophores The fruiting body of a spore forming fungus Bread Mold

Sporangium The sac where spores are produced Protects spores from drying out

Chapter 20.2 Fungi Phyla

5 Phyla of Fungi Chytridiomycota - Chytrids Zygomycota – Common Molds Ascomycota – Sac Fungi Basidiomycota – Club Fungi Deuteromycota – Imperfect Fungi

PURPLE CORAL FUNGUS Clavaria RUBBER CUP FUNGUS Sarcosorna SULFUR SHELF FUNGUS Polyporus TRUMPET CHANTARELLE Caraterellus SCARLET HOOD Hygrophorus BIG LAUGHING MUSHROOM Gymnophilus

The light red coral Fungus, Ramaria The shelf Fungus, Polyporus

Fly Agaric mushroom, Amanita muscaria A.ocreata Very poisonous Fly Agaric mushroom, Amanita muscaria Causes hallucinations when eaten.

1. Phylum Chytridiomycota Mostly marine. Mostly saprophytes. Have flagellated spores.

2. Phylum Zygomycota Mostly terrestrial. Two types of hyphae: Stolons – spread across the surface Rhizoids – digs into the surface

germinating zygospore zygospore (2n) Diploid Stage nuclear fusion meiosis 50 µm Haploid Stage spores (n) Zygospore Spore sac germinating zygospore young zygospore mycelium develops from germinated spore spores (n) gametangia fusing stolon rhizoids contact between hyphae of two mating strains ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (mitosis)

molds

                                                             

Most are multicellular except for yeast. 3. Phylum Ascomycota Most are multicellular except for yeast. Most undergo asexual reproduction. Sac Fungi ascospore (sexual spore)

Morels ascospore (sexual spore) spore sac ascoscarp ascoscarp spore-bearing hypha of this ascoscarp conidia (chains of asexual spores) budding yeast cell

yeasts

                                               

Major decomposers of wood. Mostly sexual reproduction. Club Fungi 4. Phylum Basidiomycota Major decomposers of wood. Mostly sexual reproduction. Club Fungi

mushrooms

GIANT PUFFBALL

Humongous Fungus (Honey Mushroom)

Asexual Reproduction (sexual reproduction has never been seen) 5. Phylum Deuteromycota Asexual Reproduction (sexual reproduction has never been seen) Imperfect Fungi Ringworm

Chapter 20.3 Ecology of Fungi

Mutualistic Fungi Some Fungi form Mutualistic relationships with other organisms: Lichen Mycorrhizae H i

Fungi (usually ascomycota) + algae (or photosynthetic bacteria) crustose Lichens Bioindicators Pioneer species Fungi (usually ascomycota) + algae (or photosynthetic bacteria) foliose

Crustose dispersal fragment (cells of mycobiont and of photobiont) cortex (outer layer of mycobiont) photobionts medulla (inner layer of loosley woven hyphae) cortex Crustose

Usnea – fructicose Cladonia rangiferina fructicose Old Man’s Beard Leaf-like - foliose Erect branching Lichen Cladonia rangiferina fructicose

Crustose foliose fructicose

Increases surface area Mycorrhizae Fungi + plant roots Increases surface area

Fungi Molds Penicillium Aspergillus Yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae Penicillin Camembert and Roquefort cheeses Aspergillus Soy sauce Soft drinks - citric acid Yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bread, wine and beer Candida albicans Infections

Fungi and Humans Medical uses: Penicillin Penicillin

Fungi and Humans Food: Morels, truffels, yeast Morel Truffel

Fungi and Humans Bioremediation – clean the environment.

Fungi and Humans Harmful Fungi:

Some Pathogenic and Toxic Fungi Ascomycetes Ajeliomyces capsulatus- Histoplasmosis Aspergillus – sinus, ear, lung infection Microsporium sp. Various ringworms. Verticillium sp Plant wilt Monilinia fructicola- Brown Rot of Peaches Zygomycetes Rhizopus - Food spoilage Basidiomycetes Puccinia graminis Wheat Rust Ustilago maydis Corn Smut