Pharmacology

Roles of Professionals ( )- prescribes drug to be filled – 60% of visits to Dr. result in prescription ( )- dispenses or distributes drug – Gives instructions how and when to take – Ensures that the prescribed therapy is safe, effective, and correct

History of Pharmacology Ancient civilizations recorded use of drugs more than 2000 years ago 16 th century the Chinese created first pharmacopeia Serious illnesses were considered to be supernatural of origin – Spells cast on victim by enemy, demons, gods Shamans/sorcerers used frog bile, pig teeth, spider webs, and sour milk to treat Some natural remedies became basis for certain modern medicines – Digitalis plant (foxglove) is bases of cardiac med digoxin

Drug Standards Assure consumers they are receiving safe medications All drugs with same name/ dosage must be same strength, quality, and purity Manufacturers must meet standards set in United State Pharmacopeia- National Formula – ( )- type and conc. of a chemical substance present in drug – ( )- strength; concentration of active ingredients – ( )- ensures consumers receive meds that achieve the standards required – ( )- the ability of a drug to produce desired chemical change in the body Vitamins and herbal supplements not enforced by FDA – Department of Agriculture

( ) Established the word narcotic and required use of a stamp on container of these drugs Regulated importation, manufacture, sale, and use of opium, codeine, and their derivatives

( ) Safety testing on all drugs FDA formed Required pharmaceutical firms to report adverse effects All new drugs tested for toxicity before approval

( ) Prescription labels must have an Rx on label All prescriptions must be labeled: Caution: Federal law prohibits dispensing without a prescription OTC drugs that were considered safe did not require a prescription Warning labels on drug packaging

( ) Passed because drug companies were making large profits on misleading/false drug promotions Required proven effectiveness before marketing

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act Regulated manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of drugs with potential for abuse Required security of ( ) Provided for prevention of drug abuse and drug dependence – Treatment and rehab programs

Poison Prevention packaging Act of 1970 Created standards to ensure prescription and OTC meds were in ( ) OBRA Required OTC be considered part of the medical record

Food and Drug Administration Approves and removes products on the market Regulates labeling and advertising of prescription drug ( ) drug manufacturing practices Postmarketing surveillance to detect unanticipated ( )

( ) Enforces laws against unlawful drug activities Assigns ID numbers to those that prescribe and dispense and manufacture scheduled drugs Monitors scheduled drugs for need to change possible ( )

5 BASIC CATEGORIES OF PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacognosy Origins of drugs Five basic sources: – ( ) Opium poppy- morphine, codeine Belladonna- atropine, scopolamine Willow bark- aspirin – ( ) Animal thyroid glands- thyroid hormone – Minerals- magnesium, calcium, zinc – Synthetic/ chemical substances Oral contraceptives, Demerol – ( ) Insulin

( ) How the body processes drugs- how it moves through the body – Absorption – Distribution – Metabolism – Excretion

( ) Movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood Rate is directly related to route of administration and the drug’s solubility ( ) Dependent upon form of drug and amount of blood flow Primary sites of absorption: – Mucosa of mouth – Lungs – Stomach – Small intestines – Rectum – Blood vessels in muscles and SC tissues

Factors affecting Absorption Incorrect administration pH- drugs that are acidic are easily absorbed in acidic environments; alkaline-alkaline environments Food in stomach- slows absorption rate and decreases irritation Fat or lipid solubility- drugs that are highly fat soluble are easily absorbed by ( ) Length of contact- contact time w/skin, size of contact area, skin thickness, hydration of tissues Inhalation factors- one of most rapid forms Drug concentration- higher conc. tend to absorb faster

Absorption Fastest to slowest – Syrups/ liquids – ( ) – Powders – Capsules – ( ) – Coated tablets – Enteric-coated tablets – Time-release capsules

Enteral Routes Absorption Oral: ( ) minutes Sublingual: several seconds-several min. Buccal: several min. Rectal: ( ) minutes Parenteral Routes Absorption Subcutaneous: min Intramuscular: min Intravenous: approx. 1 min. Intrarterial: approx. 1 min

Percutaneous/Mucosal Transdermal: ( ) minutes Inhalation: approx. 1 min. Topical: approx. ( )

( ) Movement of a drug from blood into tissues and cells Areas with more supply receive drug quicker Two factors that influence: – Fat solubility – Protein binding Metabolism Physical and chemical alteration of drug in the body Liver is primary site Half-life: time the body takes to metabolize half of available drug Older adults, impaired liver or renal function

( ) Elimination/ removal of waste products of drug metabolism from body The functionality of ( ) determines how quickly it occurs

( ) How a drug works or its mechanism of action in the body Four major drug actions: – Depressant- reduces activity of body function – ( )- increases body function – Irritant- produces symptoms of inflammation at site of application – ( )-soothing action for irritation

Pharmacotherapuetics Effect of drugs ( )- relieve symptoms, fight illnesses, reverse disease processes Diagnostic- aid in diagnosing diseases and examination of patient ( )- destroy cells and tissues Pharmacodynamic- alter normal body function Prophylactic- prevent occurrence of illnesses or diseases

Toxicology Poisonous effects of drugs on the body ( ) may be given ( )-problems or symptoms more severe than side effects ( )- severe, potentially fatal adverse reaction occurring a short time after a drug is administered to a person who is allergic