BS371 NUTRITION AND DRUGS IN SPORT AND EXERCISE Anna Wittekind
Overview How the lectures are organised Read relevant lecture in BS153 Module Guide Reading list Assignment – next lecture Exams
The athlete’s diet What are the special nutritional needs of athletes in training? Carbohydrate 60-70%Carbohydrate 60-70% Lipid20-25%Lipid20-25% Protein10-15%Protein10-15%
What should they be eating? ACSM Position Stand (2000) - Nutrition and athletic performance. ACSM Position Stand (2000) - Nutrition and athletic performance. core/template- journal/msse/media/1200.pdf core/template- journal/msse/media/1200.pdf core/template- journal/msse/media/1200.pdf Burke, L. (2007) IAAf Concensus on Nutrition for Athletes: Updated Guidelines. IJSNEM 17 (4):
Energy requirements During times of high-intensity training, adequate energy needs to be consumed to maintain body weight, maximize the training effects, and maintain health. Low-energy intakes can result in loss of muscle mass, menstrual dysfunction, loss or failure to gain bone density, and increased risk of fatigue, injury, and illness. (ACSM Position Stand)
Do athletes achieve the guidelines? Questions
Measuring energy expenditure TDEE = RMR (REE) + TEF + TEA + any additional costs (growth, pregnancy, lactation) e.g. 70 kg male runner runs 10 miles per day at a 6-min/mile Requires ~ 1,074 kcal per day for running (17.9 kcal/min) + energy cost of normal daily activities (2900 kcals) Thus, this athlete would need approximately 3,974 kcal.d -1. Tour de France ~7,000 kcal.d -1 But….
Energy in vs Energy out
Number of minutes to use up 400kJ of energy:
How do we measure energy expenditure? Indirect calorimetry DLW Factorial method using prediction equations based on rmr + energy cost of daily activities e.g. Cunningham (1980) RMR = (lbm) Harris Benedict (1919) E.g. Males RMR = (bm) + 5(ht) – 6.76 (age)
How do we measure energy expenditure? RMR x activity factor (Manore and Thompson, 2006) e.g. Resting – RMR x 1 Moderate – walking 3.5 – 4 mph, slow cycling…. RMR x 4 Very strenuous – race pace swimming, cycling …… RMR x 10
Measuring dietary intake Dietary history Dietary recall FFQ Food record/diary
Energy balance? Many situations of apparent energy imbalance Body mass/composition Does energy deficit reflect Undereating and/or Underrecording
Energy availability Can energy intake support health and performance? = dietary energy available to the body after energy cost of daily exercise taken into account (Loucks 2004) 45 kcal.kg -1 lbm.d -1 <30 kcal.kg -1 lbm.d -1 -ve effects on metabolism and menstrual function (Loucks and Thuma, 2003), ↓ resorption/formation bone (Ihle and Loucks, 2004) ↓ metabolic/sexual hormones ♂ (Friedl et al., 2000)