SOCIOLOGY of EDUCATION RACE AND RACIALIZED SOCIETY

ETHNICITY AND RACE Ethnic Groups Ethnic Groups members share certain beliefs, values, habits, customs and norms because of their common background; members share certain beliefs, values, habits, customs and norms because of their common background; Members of ethnic groups define themselves as different and special because of cultural features-this distinction may arise from language, religion, historical experience, geographic isolation, kinship or race. Members of ethnic groups define themselves as different and special because of cultural features-this distinction may arise from language, religion, historical experience, geographic isolation, kinship or race.

Ethnicity(etc) Ethnicity means identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation Ethnicity means identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation

Status/ascribed or achieved Status-any position that determines where someone fits in a society Status-any position that determines where someone fits in a society >ascribed status: people have little or no choice about where they “fit” in a society >ascribed status: people have little or no choice about where they “fit” in a society >achieved status: how one fits in a society by virtue of traits, talents, actions, efforts, activities and accomplishments >achieved status: how one fits in a society by virtue of traits, talents, actions, efforts, activities and accomplishments

HYPODESCENT Automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different groups in the minority group Automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different groups in the minority group Hypodescent divides American society into groups that have been unequal in their access to wealth, power and prestige Hypodescent divides American society into groups that have been unequal in their access to wealth, power and prestige

RACE long separated, genetically -distinct groups long separated, genetically -distinct groups

DOES "RACE" EXIST?

What is a cline?

RACE IN BRAZIL Phenotype-refers to an organism’s evident traits, its “manifest biology” Phenotype-refers to an organism’s evident traits, its “manifest biology” Along with much of Latin America, Brazil has less exclusionary racialized categories Along with much of Latin America, Brazil has less exclusionary racialized categories Over 500 racial labels Over 500 racial labels Branco(white), claro (light), louro (blond), mulato claro (light mulatto), escuro (dark), preto (black), moreno escuro (dark brunet) Branco(white), claro (light), louro (blond), mulato claro (light mulatto), escuro (dark), preto (black), moreno escuro (dark brunet)

WHAT IS WHITENESS? Discrimination doesn’t follow from differences, it creates them: Discrimination doesn’t follow from differences, it creates them: “People do not discriminate against groups because they are different; rather, the act of discrimination itself constructs categories of difference that hierarchically locate people as ‘superior’ or ‘inferior’ and then universalizes and naturalizes such differences.” “People do not discriminate against groups because they are different; rather, the act of discrimination itself constructs categories of difference that hierarchically locate people as ‘superior’ or ‘inferior’ and then universalizes and naturalizes such differences.”

WHAT IS WHITENESS? “Whiteness is a sociohistorical form of consciousness” “Whiteness is a sociohistorical form of consciousness” “Whiteness” is a social construction, but it is “embodied” and it has real effects. “Whiteness” is a social construction, but it is “embodied” and it has real effects.

WHAT IS WHITENESS?

“Whiteness constitutes and demarcates ideas, feelings, knowledge, social practices, cultural formations, and systems of intelligibility that are identified with or attributed to “white people” and that are invested in by people as ‘white’” “Whiteness constitutes and demarcates ideas, feelings, knowledge, social practices, cultural formations, and systems of intelligibility that are identified with or attributed to “white people” and that are invested in by people as ‘white’”

WHAT IS WHITENESS? “Whiteness also speaks to a refusal to acknowledge how white people are implicated in certain social relations of privilege...a form of social amnesia” “Whiteness also speaks to a refusal to acknowledge how white people are implicated in certain social relations of privilege...a form of social amnesia”