1. Race and Ethnicity

2. Race
A race is a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
People may classify one another racially based on physical characteristics such as skin color, facial features, hair texture, and body shape
Although we think of race in terms of biological elements, race is a socially constructed concept. A race comes into being only when the members of a society decide that some physical trait (such as skin color or eye shape) actually matters
The meanings and importance of race not only differ from place to place but also change over time

3. For one thing, no society contains biologically “pure” people
Why, then, do societies make so much of race? Such categories allow societies to rank people in a hierarchy, giving some people more money, power, and prestige than others and allowing some people to feel that they are inherently “better” than others
Ethnicity
Ethnicity is a shared cultural heritage. People define themselves -or others- as members of an ethnic category based on common ancestry, language, or religion that gives them a distinctive social identity
Like race, the concept of “ethnicity” is socially constructed
Keep in mind that race is constructed from biological traits and ethnicity is constructed from cultural traits

4. Prejudice and Stereotypes
Minorities
A minority is any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates
Minorities have two important characteristics. First, they share a distinctive identity, which may be based on physical or cultural traits. Second, minorities experience subordination
Prejudice and Stereotypes
Prejudice is a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people. Prejudice is unfair because all people in some category are described as the same, based on little or no direct evidence
Prejudices can be either positive or negative. Our positive prejudices tend to exaggerate the virtues of people like ourselves, and our negative prejudices condemn those who differ from us

5. Prejudice often takes the form of a stereotype (stereo is derived from a Greek word meaning “solid”), a simplified description applied to every person in some category
Many white people hold stereotypical views of minorities. Stereotyping is especially harmful to minorities in the workplace
Racism
A powerful and harmful form of prejudice, racism is the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another. Racism has existed throughout world history
A scapegoat is a person or category of people, typically with little power, whom people unfairly blame for their own troubles
Because they have little power and thus are usually “safe targets”, minorities often are used as scapegoats

6. Authoritarian Personality Theory
According to Adorno and his colleagues, people who show strong prejudice toward one minority are usually intolerant of all minorities
These authoritarian personalities rigidly conform to conventional cultural values and see moral issues as clear-cut matters of right and wrong
People with authoritarian personalities also view society as naturally competitive and hierarchical, with “better” people (like themselves) inevitably dominating those who are weaker (all minorities)
Closely related to prejudice is discrimination, unequal treatment of various categories of people
Prejudice refers to attitudes, but discrimination is a matter of action

7. Institutional prejudice and discrimination, bias built into the operation of society's institutions, including schools, hospitals, the police, and the workplace
Pluralism is a state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing
Assimilation describes the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture
Assimilation can involve changing modes of dress, values, religion, and friends
Segregation is the physical and social separation of categories of people (residential neighbourhoods, schools, hospitals, and even cemeteries)
Pluralism encourages distinctiveness without disadvantage, but segregation enforces separation that harms a minority

8. Genocide is the systematic killing of one category of people by another
This deadly form of racism and ethnocentrism violates nearly every recognised moral standard
This is England Joshua Churchill End the flag in sea scene