A short story is a work of fiction that can be read in one sitting. Elements of a Short Story

Plot The chain of related events that take place in a story. Built around conflict, which is a struggle between opposing forces.

Plot at a Glance climax falling action rising action resolution exposition

Exposition- gives the background of the story Rising Action- introduces complications; builds suspense Climax- the turning point of the story suspense reaches its peak Falling Action & Resolution- resolves the conflict usually ties up loose ends

The plot of a short story centers around conflict. Conflict is a struggle between opposing forces. Complications build the reader’s excitement. Conflict

Types of Conflict External -Man v Man -Man v Nature -Man v Obstacle or Society Internal -Man v Himself

Methods of Characterization Creating Believable Characters Indirect physical appearance speech, thoughts, feelings, or actions of the character speech, thoughts, feelings, or actions of other characters Direct the narrator’s direct comments about a character

Main Characters o “Round,” or “3-dimensional”… o See both the good AND bad sides of the character o Changes in their goals, ambitions, values o Dynamic: Changes as a result of the events in the story Minor Characters o “Flat,” or “2-dimensional” o Have only one or two striking qualities (memorable) o Usually all good or all bad o Lack depth o Static : Do not change in the course of the story Types of Characters Stereotypes o Stock Characters Protagonist & Antagonist o Protagonist - main character) o Antagonist (force against the main character)

Setting = time and place - puts the reader in the story by giving the reader the feeling of being in the situation. - creates atmosphere by the positive or negative feelings associated with the place.

Point of View Who’s telling this story anyway? - the vantage point from which the story is told. - determines how much we, the readers, know about the characters

1st Person Narrator is a character in the story. Narrator uses first-person pronouns, I, me, my, we, us, our to refer to himself or herself. Narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of one character and speaks directly to reader.

3rd Person Limited Narrator does not participate in action of story. Narrator does not refer to himself or herself. Narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of one character, but readers are able to maintain some emotional distance from the character.

3rd Person Omniscient Narrator does not participate in action of story. Narrator does not refer to himself or herself. Narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all characters; readers get insight into several characters.

What is a symbol?

A symbol is a person, a place, an activity, or an object that stands for something beyond itself.

Figurative Language Simile A figure of speech; a direct comparison between two unlike things using “like” or “as” Ex:He was as cool as a cucumber Metaphor A figure of speech involving an implied comparison between two things, usually using a form of the verb “to be” Ex:The road was a ribbon of moonlight Hyperbole – extreme exaggeration Personification- giving an inanimate object humanlike qualities

Mood vs. Tone Tone Definition: The author’s attitude toward a subject (stated or implied) Can be pessimistic, optimistic, serious, bitter, sarcastic, etc. Set through word choice (diction), details Mood Definition: The climate of feeling in a literary work Can be ironic, serious, humorous Set through setting, details, images, diction, etc.

Theme In literature, theme is a perception about life or human nature that the writer wants to share with the reader. In most cases, the theme is not stated directly but must be inferred. Themes can be revealed by: -a story’s title - key phrases and statements about big ideas - the ways the characters change and the lessons they learn about life.